This research was conducted to provide a theoretical basis and experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that insect larvae can be preferentially heated in dry nuts and fruits by radio frequency (RF) heating for pest control. We selected codling moth larvae as the target insect and in-shell walnuts as the host material for this study, and focused our attention on one RF frequency (27 MHz) and one microwave frequency (915 MHz). Dielectric properties measurements showed that the loss factor ratio between codling moth larvae and walnut kernels at 20°C was 397 at 27 MHz and 4 at 915 MHz. The theoretical prediction for a 3 min treatment at 0.27 kW/kg suggested 12.0°C preferential heating of insect larvae for the loss factor ratio of 397 (corresponding to 27 MHz) and 0.1°C for the ratio of 4 (corresponding to 915 MHz), when the heat transfer coefficient between insects and walnuts was set at 500 W/m 2 °C. To prove differential heating predicted by the theoretical model, a gellan gel with dielectric properties similar to those of insects was used as a model insect. When walnut kernels were heated at 27 MHz from 20°C to 53°C, the model insects were differentially heated from 12.6°C to 21.2°C higher than the kernel temperature, depending on the power used and the treatment time. These values corresponded to a heating rate for the model insect of 1.4 to 1.7 times greater than that for walnut kernels. As predicted by the theoretical model, microwave heating at 915 MHz caused no differential heating of insects. Preferential heating of insects in dry nuts and fruits at radio frequencies can be used in developing thermal treatments to control insects without adversely affecting product quality.

This study describes the experiences of and barriers for pediatricians in Kentucky in providing behavioral/mental health (B-MH) services in primary care settings. These data will serve as a foundation for improving service delivery. An online survey was completed by 70 pediatricians. Descriptive data are presented. More than 90% of the respondents said that they saw at least one patient a month with 1 of 10 specific B-MH diagnoses. Physicians' comfort with diagnosing and treating disorders varied widely by diagnosis, age-group, and drug classification. Major barriers to providing optimal care were inaccessibility of mental health professionals for consultation and referral, lack of communication, and lack of knowledge. Respondents were more likely to favor consultation and co-location models over an integration model of care delivery. Overall, the authors found that pediatricians are dealing with patients with B-MH problems for which they may not have been adequately trained. Communication and collaboration needs were identified.

A laser flash photolysis/long path absorption technique has been employed to study at 298 K the kinetics of aqueous phase reactions of the SO4− radical with a number of species commonly found in cloud water. Much lower radical concentrations were employed than in all previous direct studies of SO4− reaction kinetics. In the zero ionic strength limit, rate coefficients for SO4− reactions with the anions HSO3−, Cl−, NO2−, HCOO−, and CH3COO− are found to be 7.5 × 108, 2.6 × 108, 9.8 × 108, 1.1 × 108, and 3.7 × 106 M−1 s−1, respectively. Rate coefficients for SO4− reactions with the neutral species H2O2, CH3OH, HCOOH, and CH3COOH are found to be 1.2 × 107, 8.8 × 106, 4.6 × 105, and 1.4 × 104 M−1 s−1, respectively. For many of the reactions studied, agreement with previously reported rate data is poor. Of particular importance for cloud chemistry is the fact that the SO4− + HSO3− reaction proceeds more slowly than previously believed, while the SO4− + Cl− reaction is somewhat faster than previously thought. Incorporation of these results into cloud chemistry models should reduce the calculated efficiency of free radical chain reactions as an oxidation mechanism for S IV.

Using materials that are written in a manner that facilitates the uptake and use of patient education content has great potential to improve the ability of patients and families to be partners in care and to improve outcomes, especially for those patients and families with limited general literacy or health literacy skills.

No abstract

Approximately 400,000 adolescents give birth in the USA annually. Although one-half experience depressive symptoms, less than 25% comply with referrals for depression evaluation and treatment. The current study tested the effectiveness of an Internet-based depression intervention on seeking depression treatment. Based upon the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the intervention included vignettes, questions and answers, and resources. Before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 2 weeks later the adolescent mothers (n = 151) answered questions related to TPB variables and depression treatment. Data were compared to adolescent mothers (n = 138) in the control group. Data were collected in community organizations or home visits for the control group. Adolescent mothers in the intervention group answered questions and completed the intervention from a computer of their choice. The adolescents were primarily African American (89.2%), less than high school educated (51.7%), had given birth in last year (97.1%), with a mean age 18.2 years. The intervention led to significant changes in attitude, perceived control, intention to seek mental health treatment, and actually seeking depression treatment. Untreated postpartum depression dramatically impacts a mother's relationship with her child, her functioning at work and school, health care-seeking behaviors, mothering skills, and her development as well as the development of her child. An Internet-based depression intervention is an inexpensive method to increase rates of depression treatment.

The flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique was employed to determine the temperature dependencies of the rate constants for the reaction of 0(3P) and OH radicals with HCI. These reactions were studied under pseudo-first-order conditions and in the absence of interfering secondary reactions. The Arrhenius expression for each bimolecular rate constant is given as follows in units of cm3 molecule"1 s'1: kx = (3.3 ± 0.3) X 10"12 exp[-(937 ± 78) cal mo1"7RT] 250-402 K, OH + HCI -* H20 + Cl (1) and k2 = (5.2 ± 1.0) X 10"11 exp[-(7510 ± 750) cal mol_1/i?T] 350-454 K, 0(3P) + HCI --OH + Cl (2). The stratospheric implications of this new rate data are discussed.

Outcomes associated with specific support interventions should be clearly identified, informed by theory, and include assisting the pregnant and parenting woman to improve her social support.