The treatment of incident pain in terminally ill cancer patients receiving long-term opioid therapy remains a challenge. Self-administered inhaled nitrous oxide has been used for short-term analgesia in this setting, with mixed results. It is unclear whether nitrous oxide exhibits cross-tolerance with opioids, and there is the possibility of a strong placebo effect in previous unblinded reports. We report on a double-blind crossover case series, in which seven patients received either nitrous oxide/oxygen or a placebo air/oxygen mixture on each day of a two-day trial. Outcome indices were obtained before, during and after each use of the gas for anticipated incident pain. The patient population was very heterogeneous with respect to disease, pain scores and concurrent treatments. Nitrous oxide was beneficial during incidents in five of seven patients; the remaining two patients reported an overall preference for the nitrous oxide day. We conclude that a trial of self-administered inhaled nitrous oxide should be considered in patients with difficult incident pain.
Dimenhydrinate is an inexpensive antiemetic with few side effects available as a long-acting oral formulation. Women undergoing outpatient gynecologic laparoscopy were given droperidol, an effective antiemetic, dimenhydrinate alone, or the combination of the two drugs. Dimenhydrinate plus droperidol significantly reduced the overall incidence of vomiting, but not nausea, when compared with droperidol alone.
INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular surgery is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to bleeding. Several case reports have suggested that a new agent, recombinant Factor VIIa (rVIIa), may reduce bleeding in patients failing conventional treatment (1; 2). The purpose of this study was to determine if adding rVIIa to the already thrombogenic environment of new vascular anastomoses could result in higher incidence of graft occlusion. METHODS: With Animal Care Committee approval, 19 rabbits were anesthesized with ketamine (10mg/kg), xylazine (2mg/kg), and 1-2% isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Through a midline neck incision, the right jugular and both carotid arteries were exposed. The animals were anticoagulated with heparin, and a 2-3 cm section of right jugular vein was then excised and grafted to the right carotid artery with two end to side anastomoses. The left carotid artery was ligated and re-anastomosed in an end to end fashion. Following protamine administration the grafts were inspected before skin closure to ensure adequate flow. Animals then received either placebo or 300ug/kg of rVIIa intravenously. An ultrasound was performed at 3 hours and 24 hours to assess graft flow, and the presence of occlusive clot. On sacrifice, the grafts were visually inspected for thrombus. The primary outcome was ultrasound evidence of no flow or presence of occlusive thrombus in the graft. Data was analyzed using ANOVA, chi-square or fisher's exact test where appropriate, with p<0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: Three animals were excluded for technical reasons. rVIIa treated animals had a significantly higher incidence of graft occlusion (vein 7/8 vs 1/8, p=0.01; artery 7/8 vs 2/8, p<0.05) and lower average vein graft flow (26.7 +/-15.34 vs 5.5 +/-13.47 ml/min, p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in graft diameter, physiological variables, hemodynamics or anticoagulation. DISCUSSION: This study suggests that high dose rVIIa (300ug/kg) leads to an increased incidence of fresh vascular graft thrombosis. It is still unknown if these results would be obtained with lower doses. Our findings may guide further research and clinical use of rVIIa
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