TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 1.972.952.9435. AbstractTill the recent times, covering the entire hydrocarbon bearing zones and simultaneously attaining quality cement bondage was a practical operational problem in the low fracture gradient and depleted fields of ONGC as the conventional lightweight slurries required for such conditions have low compressive strength, high porosity and high permeability which limit their application. Finding a feasible solution by developing lightweight cement slurry having adequate compressive strength was being investigated at the Institute of Drilling Technology (IDT) in ONGC for the past couple of years. Extensive studies performed culminated in the development of lightweight cement slurry systems for application in low fracture gradient and depleted formations to eliminate the losses during cementing and subsequent zonal isolation problem. Formulated slurries inspite of low density have inherent properties of high compressive strength, low fluid loss, improved rheology, high stability, exceedingly low permeability and gas tight property. Field implementation results confirmed raising of long cement column without any losses and effectively encountering the perennial problem of cementing casings in low fracture gradient wells of Mumbai High in western offshore and CBM fields in India. A comparison of cementation with conventional and lightweight slurry system in the same field revealed better results with the latter. This paper established the significance of application of these innovative lightweight slurry systems in terms of better well completion, reduced cost, improved productivity and less safety/environmental hazards in cementing across highly depleted zones and weaker formations. The details of the development, case studies of successful field implementation alongwith conclusions and recommendations derived from this endeavour are presented in this paper.
This paper presents a new process for development of a novel cementing composition to provide ductility and thermal stability to the cement sheath in thermal recovery wells subjected to high temperature cycling during ISC process. In this novel composition a carbon-containing natural mineral fiber and an aluminum silicate additive are introduced along with Portland cement to perform effectively in wellbores having conditions prone to stress-induced cement failure. ONGC's heavy crude oil-fields in north Gujarat, India necessitate the inroduction of thermal recovery process for improving the oil recovery. However the durability of the cement sheath consisting of API Class G cement admixed with silica is endangering the success of EOR process. The developed composition with carbon-containing natural mineral fiber (graphite) and an aluminum silicate additive (metakaolin) because of its durability at high temperature thermal cycling (<450°C) and compatibality with of Portland cement is an ideal composition for application in thermal recovery wells. The formulated thermally stable cement slurry with graphite and metakaolin has no significant effect on compressive strength and liquid permeability at high temperature thermal cycling (<450°C), thereby making it suitable for placement against combustion zone. The field evaluation of this cement system in ISC wells of Balol & Santhal fields of ONGC in Mehsana asset is under-way. The developed novel cement system will solve the problem of charging of the subsurface shallow layers because of cement sheath failured during the in-situ combustion process. Introduction The heavy oil narrow belt of North Gujarat covered an area of about 45 km2 is marked by the western boundary of Mehsana horst and eastern boundary by Jotana field has in place oil reserves of 12–18° API with viscosity ranging between 60 cp to more than 550 cp. Primary recovery produces at most 15 –18 per cent of such in-place oil due to adverse mobility contrast between oil and water. This necessitated the need to identify an appropriate Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technique, to recover more residual oil. The screening of EOR techniques by the Institute of Reservoir Studies (IRS) of ONGC favors the application of thermal recovery processes such as steam flooding and in-situ combustion which is based on the principle of improving oil-mobility by reducing the viscosity of oil by heating it within the reservoir. Based on encouraging laboratory results, the pilot project was started in 1990. The flue gas analysis indicated the high concentration of nitrogen (70%) and carbondioxde(14%) with low concentration of oxygen(around 0.2%), establish the utilization of air in combustion process. During the wet combustion phase the concentration of these gases persisted indicating sustenance of fire- front. In-situ combustion process was successfully commercialized in Balol and Santhal fields in mid- 1997 and, commercial scheme extended for Lanwa and Becheraji field1. In Situ Combustion Process The in-situ combustion recovery requires the injection of sufficient air to support and sustain the combustion front in the reservoirs. The high temperature combustion front proceeds slowly through the reservoir to the production wells. The reservoir temperature may normally fluctuated upto 300–450°C and the fire front may reach up to 650–800°C. The combustion drive is converted into wet combustion by the alternate injection of water along with air. Wet combustion offers the advantages over the dry combustion by higher oil recovery2. During in situ process periodical quenching combustion front by water causes temperature falls to normal as a result of which the cement behind the casing and the casing are subjected to thermal cycling. The success of in-situ combustion process depends on the reservoir and geological considerations. Since in situ combustion is an inter-well drive process of good horizontal continuity and is critical for the success of the project. Lack of good sand continuity, fractures and joint trends may create preferential flow channels causes of failure of in-situ process. Gaps in formation overburden or leaky inter-zonal seals in stratified reservoirs can allow fluid to leak into overlying strata and reduce the effectiveness of the injectant.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractLost circulation problems encountered during drilling is caused by the differential pressure of the hydrostatic column which is generally greater than the formation pressure, and is especially through the openings in the rock in low pressure or depleted zones. Combating circulation loss is often achieved by using variety of LCM formulations or placing the cementing plug. The quick set sealing cementitious composition is formulated that produces cuttings compatible to drilling fluid. An engineering approach applied with the cementitious compositions admixed with synthetic fiberous LCM placed at the thief zone in the well set into a cementitious plug. The fiber based slurry allows setting in high permeable or fracture zone and caused strong impermeable net to prevent the losses.Results from a laboratory study on cementitious formulations are discussed and compared with Portland cement plugs. The cementitious formulation designed with GGBS and silica fume admixed with synthetic LCM formed a slurry which is activated with calcium hydroxide. The sealing effect of the formulation has been evaluated against the sieves and slots of different sizes. The results revealed the substantial improvement in sealing the thief zone. The study of thickening time and compressive strength of formulations having sp gr 1.4--1.6 has been carried out at 60 deg C to get sufficient pumping time and strength to resume drilling within 3-4hrs. The contamination of drilling fluid with cementitious compositions has no significant changes in rheology that saves the extra expenses for conditioning the drilling fluid.The paper presents various formulations of cementitious compositions which can be used effectively and economically to combat circulation loss during drilling.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractLost circulation problems encountered during drilling is caused by the differential pressure of the hydrostatic column which is generally greater than the formation pressure, and is especially through the openings in the rock in low pressure or depleted zones. Combating circulation loss is often achieved by using variety of LCM formulations or placing the cementing plug. The quick set sealing cementitious composition is formulated that produces cuttings compatible to drilling fluid. An engineering approach applied with the cementitious compositions admixed with synthetic fiberous LCM placed at the thief zone in the well set into a cementitious plug. The fiber based slurry allows setting in high permeable or fracture zone and caused strong impermeable net to prevent the losses.Results from a laboratory study on cementitious formulations are discussed and compared with Portland cement plugs. The cementitious formulation designed with GGBS and silica fume admixed with synthetic LCM formed a slurry which is activated with calcium hydroxide. The sealing effect of the formulation has been evaluated against the sieves and slots of different sizes. The results revealed the substantial improvement in sealing the thief zone. The study of thickening time and compressive strength of formulations having sp gr 1.4--1.6 has been carried out at 60 deg C to get sufficient pumping time and strength to resume drilling within 3-4hrs. The contamination of drilling fluid with cementitious compositions has no significant changes in rheology that saves the extra expenses for conditioning the drilling fluid.The paper presents various formulations of cementitious compositions which can be used effectively and economically to combat circulation loss during drilling.
The petrophysical evaluation of carbonate reservoirs in terms of predicting the hydrocarbon potential is trivial. However, it is difficult to correctly predict the fluid flow in the absence of proper characterization of the different flow units encountered in these reservoirs. The process of identifying the flow units becomes non-trivial in the presence of extensive diagenesis process affecting the original depositional texture. The conventional triple combo logs gives an average response when logged against diagenetically altered zone thus overlooking or under-estimating diagenetic features occurring in micro scale. It becomes imperative to look at both micro and macro scale heterogeneity for evaluation of such reservoirs, which has a direct impact on the production, and water injection scheme of such reservoirs. The NMR data and image based secondary porosity estimation recorded in this well were used for partitioning the porosity into micro, meso and macro porosity. Borehole image logs have been interpreted in terms of defining the connectivity of the features seen on the image. This is then used to define a high-resolution connectivity index. An integrated approach using the NMR and the image is being proposed to identify such high permeability streaks that can explain the production performance or the water injection behavior at a later stage of development of the field. Based on the porosity partitioning technique an improved permeability estimate is made. The production results confirm the findings of this study. Introduction In order to link log data to the hydraulic properties of carbonate reservoirs, the oil industry is seeking better methods for characterizing the carbonates. This lead to the development of a method of carbonate rock classification keeping in mind the following key objectives and needs. Permeability prediction from logs is always difficult since no logging tool is available which can make direct continuous permeability measurements. Logging tools, instead, measure a surrogate for it such as a textural estimate from bore hole imaging logs or a pore size estimation from NMR logs. The interplay of multiple properties of the rock such as pore size distribution and texture influence the permeability to the extent to which pore throats are plugged with cement or other materials Numerous studies have shown that there is no direct relationship between the porosity and the permeability of the carbonate system. To understand the permeability of the reservoir a pore classification method may have to be resorted which can explain the production behaviour. The pore system classification would also help in designing a water injection program for such reservoirs. This study uses an integrated approach using the NMR and the micro-resistivity bore hole images for identifying and quantifying the secondary porosity and their impact on the permeability. This technique was validated from the dynamic behaviour of a well and shows promise in understanding the performance of the water sweep at the later stage of field development.
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