Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to study the dynamics of the distribution of per capita income of Indian states in the post-reform period, in order to identify trends towards convergence-club formation, polarization or stratification during this period. Design/methodology/approach -The authors adopt the "distribution dynamics" framework that involves estimating kernel density functions, stochastic kernels and ergodic distributions in order to identify these trends. Findings -The results show that there is polarization in India in the post-reform period and this is due to the contrary growth dynamics of the middle-income states resulting in the "vanishing middle" of the distribution. Originality/value -This is the first study that highlights the contrary growth dynamics among the middle-income states as the driving force behind the polarization of Indian states in the post-reform period.

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Since burglaries are increasing daily as a result of the unsafe and unreliable security frameworks in residences, commercial buildings, and enterprises, security may be a significant concern everywhere. We demonstrated a device that can detect the leakage of gas (such as LPG, isobutene, propane, etc.) and alert the customer to the need for action. An alarm that vibrates and sounds like a buzzer is used as a waruing device. Buzzer provides an audible indication of the proximity to LPG volume. The LCD and buzzer are turned on by the Arduino U O. By continuously monitoring residences with various tactile frameworks like vibration, smoke, gas, temperature, door break finders, and fire alarm frameworks, GSM communication frameworks provide security against common, coincidental, expected, unforeseen, accidental, and human-made concerns. The GSM modem continues to deliver SMS messages to mobile numbers that are specifically mentioned in tbe source code programme to warn people of danger.