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I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my husband Kenneth. Without his love, sacrice, and support this accomplishment would not have been possible. I also dedicate this dissertation to my children Melanie, Douglas, Thomas, Amanda, and daughter-in-law Samantha for their unwavering emotional support-they are my biggest fans. I must include my granddaughter, Jadyn, for providing fun and recreation during my rst year at Iowa State University by taking me to all of the playgrounds in Ames, Iowa and schooling me in the strategy of the game "Trouble". Dedication also goes to Dorothy and Eugene Hlavacek for providing babysitting and family support during my military career. Finally, I dedicate this dissertation to my parents Samuel and Shirley Craig. They instilled the love of lifelong learning and the appreciation of a hard day's work. They are not here to see the conclusion of my eorts, but I know they are proud. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .