In a double-blind trial with a placebo phase, low-dose bromocriptine therapy (average dose, 15 mg per day) produced a significant improvement in 25 idiopathic parkinsonian patients. Tremor and bradykinesia were equally and significantly improved in both the levodopa-treated and the de novo patients. Rigidity was most improved in the levodopa-treated subjects. Age was not a factor in determining the dose of bromocriptine or the degree of improvement. Adverse effects occurred in 30% but were mild and dose-dependent. Four subjects, unable to tolerate initial doses of bromocriptine, withdrew from the trial. A low initial dose (1 mg per day) and slow escalation in dosage produced an optimal, though delayed improvement. Low-dose bromocriptine therapy is effective, does not induce significant dyskinesia nor on-off phenomenon, and is probably an alternative to levodopa as a drug of first choice in Parkinson disease.
Delineation of neural, arterial, and venous components contributing to penile erectile failure is critical to proper patient selection for surgical interventions, particularly for a subset of men with impotence as the sole manifestation of pelvic arterial disease. In addition to obtaining a history and physical examination specific for disordered erectile function and vascular risk factors, we developed a sequence of testing to include noninvasive estimates of penile perfusion, pulse volume recording (PVR), and penile/brachial blood pressure indices (PBPI); somatosensory evoked potentials from dorsal penile (PEP) and posterior tibial nerve stimulation (SEP) and bulbocavernosus reflex time (BCR); stimulation of artificial erection with injection of papaverine (AE); and selective hypogastric-pudendal arteriography with patients under epidural anesthesia, and corpus cavernosography with AE. Three hundred fifty-three men complaining of impotence were screened by PVR and PBPI; among these 42 impotent men and 20 additional concurrent potent control subjects had evoked potentials and BCR measurements, and 55 men received one or more AE injections. On the basis of these results, angiographic investigation was recommended. Age and risk factors were similar in the two groups. Abnormal penile blood perfusion was associated significantly only with cigarette smoking (p less than 0.0001) or overt large vessel disease. Impotent men with (138) or without perfusion abnormalities (215) averaged 54 and 56 years of age, respectively; impotent men with normal flow patterns most commonly had treated hypertension or diabetes (79 of 215 men). Covert neurologic abnormalities were detected in 28 of 42 impotent men. Abnormal penile perfusion plus failure of AE predicted isolated ischiopudendal trunk or pudendal artery disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
To delineate neural, arterial, and venous components contributing to impotence, we used a previously described noninvasive screening sequence combined with stimulation of artificial erection with papaverine injection, selective pudendal arteriography (SPA), and dynamic cavernosography (DC). Among 572 men with impotence, age range 17 to 78 years (average age 54.8 years), 26 men with potential cavernosal leaks in absence of other factors were identified; 16 underwent DC; among these five had normal cavernous venous drainage. Eight men with abnormal cavernosal venous drainage required cavernous infusion flow rates higher than 120 ml/min to obtain erection and higher than 40 ml/min to maintain erection. Radiographic studies showed cavernosal leakage in all eight patients. Eight men, ages 39 to 61 years, underwent surgical ablation of abnormal cavernosal venous drainage. Among these, five men have had excellent results for up to 3 years. One failure was related to unrecognized penile arterial disease later shown by SPA. In two men small doses of papaverine now induce erection. We now recommend SPA before DC to rule out an arterial abnormality. Accurate identification of factors contributing to erectile failure is critical for successful treatment; in this experience candidates for correction of cavernosal leak syndrome were uncommon.
To delineate neural, arterial, and venous components contributing to impotence, we used a previously described noninvasive screening sequence combined with stimulation of artificial erection with papaverine injection, selective pudendal arteriography (SPA), and dynamic cavernosography (DC). Among 572 men with impotence, age range 17 to 78 years (average age 54.8 years), 26 men with potential cavernosal leaks in absence of other factors were identified; 16 underwent DC; among these five had normal cavernous venous drainage. Eight men with abnormal cavernosal venous drainage required cavernous infusion flow rates higher than 120 ml/min to obtain erection and higher than 40 ml/min to maintain erection. Radiographic studies showed cavernosal leakage in all eight patients. Eight men, ages 39 to 61 years, underwent surgical ablation of abnormal cavernosal venous drainage. Among these, five men have had excellent results for up to 3 years. One failure was related to unrecognized penile arterial disease later shown by SPA. In two men small doses of papaverine now induce erection. We now recommend SPA before DC to rule out an arterial abnormality. Accurate identification of factors contributing to erectile failure is critical for successful treatment; in this experience candidates for correction of cavernosal leak syndrome were uncommon.
Delineation of neural, arterial, and venous components contributing to penile erectile failure is critical to proper patient selection for surgical interventions, particularly for a subset of men with impotence as the sole manifestation of pelvic arterial disease. In addition to obtaining a history and physical examination specific for disordered erectile function and vascular risk factors, we developed a sequence of testing to include noninvasive estimates of penile perfusion, pulse volume recording (PVR), and penile/brachial blood pressure indices (PBPI); somatosensory evoked potentials from dorsal penile (PEP) and posterior tibial nerve stimulation (SEP) and bulbocavernosus reflex time (BCR); stimulation of artificial erection with injection of papaverine (AE); and selective hypogastric-pudendal arteriography with patients under epidural anesthesia, and corpus cavernosography with AE. Three hundred fifty-three men complaining of impotence were screened by PVR and PBPI; among these 42 impotent men and 20 additional concurrent potent control subjects had evoked potentials and BCR measurements, and 55 men received one or more AE injections. On the basis of these results, angiographic investigation was recommended. Age and risk factors were similar in the two groups. Abnormal penile blood perfusion was associated significantly only with cigarette smoking (p less than 0.0001) or overt large vessel disease. Impotent men with (138) or without perfusion abnormalities (215) averaged 54 and 56 years of age, respectively; impotent men with normal flow patterns most commonly had treated hypertension or diabetes (79 of 215 men). Covert neurologic abnormalities were detected in 28 of 42 impotent men. Abnormal penile perfusion plus failure of AE predicted isolated ischiopudendal trunk or pudendal artery disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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