We interviewed 128 women regularly during pregnancy and the first postnatal year. Psychiatric interviews identified eight 'cases' of psychiatric disorder (6 per cent) in early pregnancy and twenty 'cases' (16 per cent) at six weeks after birth. Postnatal affective disorder, which accounted for 15 of these cases, was significantly associated with dissatisfaction with the marital relationship and also with previous psychiatric history. The implications of the term 'postnatal depression' are considered in terms of the course of the disorder in the 29 women (23 per cent) who had episodes of affective disorder at some time during pregnancy and the postnatal year. We found that the majority of episodes of affective disorder could be understood in terms of previous psychiatric history and/or reaction to life-events, including the stress of childbirth itself.

This paper reports data obtained with five different measures of psychological change during a longitudinal study of 128 women in pregnancy and the first postnatal year. This group of women had relatively low levels of symptomatology and reported little dysfunction or distress. For the group as a whole, there were few significant changes over the course of pregnancy or over the course of the first postnatal year on the measures employed. In contrast, many scores exhibited significant change from late pregnancy to the puerperium. Without exception, the changes are in the direction of improved physical and psychological health after the birth, suggesting that most women feel better one month after the birth than one month before it. There were important differences between the patterns of change observed in individual women, confirming the fallacy of generalizing about childbearing women and emphasizing individual differences in response to this life-event.

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Pedestrians and cyclists are at significant risk of being killed as a result of a collision with a vehicle at night-time because of their poor conspicuity. Retroreflective strips positioned on the moveable joints, in a biological motion configuration (biomotion), greatly enhances the night-time conspicuity of pedestrians and cyclists, but it is not clear how widely this strategy is adopted among those running and cycling under low light levels and at night. This study explored runners' and cyclists' beliefs about their own conspicuity, and the strategies they use to increase their conspicuity and safety under low light levels Nine focus groups involving 50 participants (mean age =39.5 ± 13.9 years) were held with individuals who ran and/or cycled under low light conditions or at night-time. Participants explored the strategies they used to increase their perceived conspicuity and enhance their personal safety, and the importance they placed on increased visibility to other road users at night. Data were analysed thematically, with two main themes identified. Strategies describes the different approaches used to increase their own conspicuity when running or cycling in low light conditions, which include ineffective strategies. Importance describes how conspicuity relates to other considerations that influence cyclists and runners. While they may believe that conspicuity is essential for their safety, they may compromise their own conspicuity by prioritising style or comfort, or because they believe that being more conspicuous is of limited value because it cannot compensate for the behaviour of other road users.In summary, cyclists and pedestrians are largely unaware of effective strategies to increase their night-time conspicuity, particularly the use of biomotion reflective strips. Garment manufacturers should ensure that conspicuity features (with supporting educative product information on labels) are incorporated into cyclists' and runners' clothing or accessories, to improve wearer conspicuity and hence safety in low light conditions.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. 1. Introduction Design education today faces a wide range of competing demands from stakeholders, including students, academics, employers and professional and accrediting bodies. As a fundamental part of developing a new Bachelor of Design curriculum at Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia, there was a need to examine such expectations and societal needs more closely, with the acknowledgement that courses will be of little value if graduating students are unable to gain the skills, knowledge and capabilities deemed necessary to practice as designers in the future. Development of the new future-focused degree commenced in late 2017, with delivery to the first new cohort commencing in February 2019. The degree offers specialisation in seven