When bacterial cells come in contact, antagonism mediated by the delivery of toxins frequently ensues. The potential for such encounters to have long-term beneficial consequences in recipient cells has not been investigated. Here we examined the effects of intoxication by DddA, a cytosine deaminase delivered via the type VI secretion system (T6SS) of Burkholderia cenocepacia. Despite its killing potential, we observed that several bacterial species resist DddA and instead accumulate mutations installed by the toxin, indicating that even in the absence of killing, interbacterial toxins can have profound consequences on target populations. Investigation of additional toxins from the deaminase superfamily revealed that mutagenic activity is a common feature of these proteins, including a representative we show targets single-stranded DNA and displays a markedly divergent structure. Our findings suggest that a surprising consequence of antagonistic interactions between bacteria could be the promotion of adaptation via the action of directly mutagenic toxins.

In order to study the water quality in fish tanks, a 166-day (January to July 1992) experiment was realized using the indigenous species "p acu" (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Two different protein levels were tested in the diet (16% and 34% crude protein) and three stocking densities (0.25, 0.50 and 0.77 fish/m2). From the results, it was observed that the interactions between stocking density and experiment length affected the characteristics bicarbonate and alkalinity, as well as the interaction between stocking density and protein levels affected concentrations of free and total CO2, conductivity and pH (P < 0.05). The water temperature in tanks changed significantly during the period of study (P < 0.05),decreasing gradually from summer to winter. There was no significant difference in water residence time in the tanks (P < 0.05) during the experiment. The other limnological characteristics were not affected by treatments during study period.

Objective -To analyze the trends of specific, standardized coefficients of mortality due to ischemic heart disease according to sex and age during the years 1980 and 1994 in the municipality of Goiania, GO, Brazil. Methods -

Type& amount of protein to be ingested by CKD patients in order to keep the kidneys not to deteriorate further especially in Indian population who consume mostly vegetarian diet makes planning of diet based on protein quality ratio a tough job. Objective: To analyze effect of optimizing the protein quality intake [high biological value (HBV), net protein utilization (NPU) or protein efficiency ratio (PER) of food article] on uremic toxins, nutritional status and quality of life in CKD patients consuming 0.6-0.8g/kg body wt. protein; 80% of which is from poor quality. Method: 145 predialysis CKD patients were enrolled who completed a food frequency questionnaire, quality of life (QOL) performa, nutritional status evaluation (dietary intake, anthropometry, serum albumin, total protein) before and after diet counseling [ Z 50%of HBV protein (from casein and egg base)]; energy 35-40 Kcal/kg body wt.). Results: Creatinine reduced significantly (pr 0.001), non significant change in blood urea& GFR improved (pr 0.01).Nutritional intake increased[good quality proteins intake ratio (pr 0.001), energy(p r0.001)] ,BMI elevated (pr 0.01)and perception of QOL improved after diet counseling Conclusion: Judicious planning of quality protein intake within restricted quantity along with calorie optimization is critical to reduce protein waste products. Therefore, proper &timely diet counseling to combat ignorance & impart awareness to CKD patients is of utmost importance.