Forty patients were examined with intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) using meglumine iothalamate (202 mg iodine/ml) or CO2 as a contrast medium. Diagnostic studies were obtained in all patients. The use of CO2 resulted in diagnostic examinations of the common femoral artery to the level of the trifurcation. The use of CO2 and low-iodine-content contrast material reduced the iodine dosage, and temporal bandpass filtration DSA permitted a lower entrance exposure than pulsed systems. It is concluded that intra-arterial DSA, using the techniques described in this paper, will become a more important and widely used procedure than it currently is.
A thorough account is given of the complications of embolization techniques in nonneurovascular areas, including hepatic infarction, renal and splenic abscess formation. Infarction of the urinary bladder, gallbladder, stomach, and bowel are discussed. Suggestions are offered to prevent complications from embolization where possible. Specific agents for embolization are detailed and their relative merits are compared; ethyl alcohol has recently gained popularity for treating esophageal varices and infarcting renal tumors. Care is advocated when using alcohol in the renal arteries; employing this agent is currently contraindicated in the celiac and mesenteric arteries. Coils and balloon systems are also described along with their potential complications.
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