PurposeProstate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, with higher prevalence in developed countries. Nothing much is known regarding the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Brazilian population or among the indigenous groups in Brazil. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and age in the tribe with Macuxi ethnicity, from the jungles of Amazon (between Brazil and Venezuela).Patients and methodsThis was an epidemiological cross-sectional study aimed to find the correlation between age and PSA in the 110 Brazilian Indian tribal men of Macuxi ethnicity. Serum PSA levels (total and free PSA [tPSA and fPSA]) were screened and analyzed considering age groups.ResultsWe found that there was a significant correlation between the age and either tPSA (p=0.016) or fPSA (p=0.036). Interestingly, there was no correlation between tPSA and fPSA with any of the age groups, but we found a significant correlation between fPSA and tPSA in only the age groups 60–69 years and 70–80 years (p=0.008).ConclusionIn this study, we found a significant correlation between tPSA, fPSA, and the age of patients. However, the age-specific correlation was insignificant. From our current findings, we found that the levels of PSA may be considered as an important determinant in determining this correlation and specificity, even though more work needs to be done to verify this. Although PSA screening is a valuable research tool for male patients, the low specificity of the screening might provide false-positive results leading to overtreatment.
With the advent of digital journalism, the democratization of information has become a reality, since news articles are published as soon as the facts occur and are accessible from any device connected to the internet. It is common sense the perception that some newspapers are more biased than others when it comes to the way of exposing the facts. However, automatic ways of measuring such biases is still an open research challenge. Under the premise that journalistic texts must have objective and unbiased language, news with high levels of subjectivity may indicate bias. In this paper, we propose to use subjectivity lexicons to characterize subjectivity in five news portals that are popular in Brazil. To better understand the results found, we performed a correlation analysis between the levels of subjectivity found and readability and news popularity metrics. We believe that the methods we used along with our findings contribute to a better understanding of the linguistic characteristics of the news we consume daily.
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