Summary
Root hair development is crucial for phosphate absorption, but how phosphorus deficiency affects root hair initiation and elongation remains unclear.
We demonstrated the roles of auxin efflux carrier PIN‐FORMED2 (PIN2) and phospholipase D (PLD)‐derived phosphatidic acid (PA), a key signaling molecule, in promoting root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana under a low phosphate (LP) condition.
Root hair elongation under LP conditions was greatly suppressed in pin2 mutant or under treatment with a PLDζ2‐specific inhibitor, revealing that PIN2 and polar auxin transport and PLDζ2‐PA are crucial in LP responses. PIN2 was accumulated and degraded in the vacuole under a normal phosphate (NP) condition, whereas its vacuolar accumulation was suppressed under the LP or NP plus PA conditions. Vacuolar accumulation of PIN2 was increased in pldζ2 mutants under LP conditions. Increased or decreased PIN2 vacuolar accumulation is not observed in sorting nexin1 (snx1) mutant, indicating that vacuolar accumulation of PIN2 is mediated by SNX1 and the relevant trafficking process. PA binds to SNX1 and promotes its accumulation at the plasma membrane, especially under LP conditions, and hence promotes root hair development by suppressing the vacuolar degradation of PIN2.
We uncovered a link between PLD‐derived PA and SNX1‐dependent vacuolar degradation of PIN2 in regulating root hair development under phosphorus deficiency.
Nowadays, the computer graphics technology is widely used in the area of design. The author puts forward the enterprise oriented computer graphic design courses construction of practice teaching system, which is for improving the employment rate of the computer students and making the students can directly blend in the enterprise after graduation. This system includes four big modules. They are the construction of teaching staff, the construction of practical condition and cooperation with enterprise, practice teaching system, teaching quality supervision and feedback system[1]. Each module is decomposed into several small modules.
Project driven and course designed teaching and examination mode is a kind of brand-new teaching and examination mode, it is a student oriented mode which focus on how to train highly skilled people in practice courses. Combined with course 《Win server 2008 network operation system》,below paper give a more detailed and comprehensive introduction for this teaching mode, based on which writer would like to popularize this teaching method with specific demonstration.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.