Temperature affects all biological functions and will therefore modulate ecologically significant interactions between animals and their environment. Here, we examined the effect of ambient temperature (Ta) on the thermal biology and energy budget in striped hamsters acclimated to cold (5°C), warm (21°C) and hot temperatures (31°C). Thermoneutral zone (TNZ) was 22.5–32.5°C, 25–32.5°C and 30–32.5°C in the cold-, warm- and hot-acclimated hamsters, respectively. The cold acclimation decreased the lower critical temperature and made the TNZ wider, and hot exposure elevated the lower critical temperature, resulting in a narrow TNZ. Within the TNZ, cold-acclimated hamsters showed a significantly higher rate of metabolism and thermogenesis than those acclimated to hot temperature. Digestive enzymes activities, including intestinal sucrase, maltase, L-alanine aminopeptidase-N and leucine aminopeptidase were higher in the cold than in the hot. The changes in metabolic rate and thermogenesis at different temperatures were in parallel with cytochrome c oxidase activity and uncoupling protein 1 gene expression of brown adipose tissue. This suggests that the shift of the lower critical temperature of TNZ is possibly associated with the rate of metabolism and thermogenesis, as well as with the digestive capacity of the gastrointestinal tract at different Ta. The upper critical temperature of TNZ may be independent of the changes in Ta. The changes of lower critical temperature of TNZ are an important strategy in adaption to variations of Ta.
During lactation, female small mammals frequently reduce their fat reserves to very low levels. The function of this reduction is unclear, as calculations suggest that the contribution of the withdrawn energy from fat to the total energy balance of lactation is trivial. An alternative hypothesis is that reducing fat leads to a reduction in circulating adipokines, such as leptin, that play a role in stimulating the hyperphagia of lactation. We investigated the role of circulating leptin in lactation by repleting leptin levels using miniosmotic pumps during the last 7 days of lactation in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii), a model small wild mammal we have extensively studied in the context of lactation energy demands. Repletion of leptin resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of body mass and food intake in lactating voles. Comparisons to nonreproducing individuals suggests that the reduced leptin in lactation, due to reduced fat stores, may account for ϳ16% of the lactational hyperphagia. Reduced leptin in lactation may, in part, cause lactational hyperphagia via stimulatory effects on hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide) and inhibition of the anorexigenic neuropeptide (proopiomelanocortin). These effects were reversed by the experimental repletion of leptin. There was no significant effect of leptin treatment on daily energy expenditure, milk production or pup growth, but leptin repletion did result in a reversal of the suppression of uncoupling protein-1 levels in brown adipose tissue, indicating an additional role for reducing body fat and leptin during peak lacation. sustained energy intake; neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, proopiomelanocortin, uncoupling protein-1 LACTATION IS WIDELY AGREED to be the most energetically demanding phase of the mammalian female life cycle (53, 65), particularly in small mammals. For example, over a period of ϳ18 days, the lactating female mouse (Mus musculus) increases her food intake by a factor of five (29,33). At the same time, she remodels her morphology, growing the length of the alimentary tract by ϳ20% (ϳ12 cm), doubling the size of the liver, and growing other internal organs like the pancreas. This is not just a generalized increase in size, because the lactating female also withdraws calcium from the major bones and almost all the lipids from her white adipose tissue (WAT) (25,30,36,49,68). Simultaneous to the behavioral and morphological changes, the female mouse also undergoes a radical alteration in her physiology. This includes increasing the capacity of the mammary glands to synthesize and secrete milk, combined with a profound reduction of the levels of uncoupling proteins-1 (UCP-1) and UCP-3 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) (55,75,87). The elevated food intake is closely coordinated with milk production and varies tremendously across individuals (37,41,86). Similar patterns of elevated intake and morphological/physiological changes in lactation are observed in many other species of small mammals (28,45,49,5...
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