Users often need to control and monitor the environmental variables of their homes, even when they are not at home. In this paper, we present a multifunctional, low-cost, and flexible system for smart home control and environmental monitoring. This system employs an embedded micro web server based on an Arduino Yún microcontroller with Internet connectivity that allows remote device control. The proposed system can be controlled via the Internet through an Android-based mobile app. To guarantee access regardless of Internet availability, the proposed system can also be controlled via standalone manual operation using a touch display. The proposed system transmits sensor data to a cloud platform and can receive commands from the server, allowing many devices to be automatically controlled. To demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this system, devices such as light switches, power plugs, and various sensors, including temperature, gas, 2.5-µm particulate matter (PM2.5) and motion sensors, were integrated into a prototype of the proposed home control system. Finally, we implemented the prototype in a model home to validate the flexibility, scalability, usability and reliability of the system. INDEX TERMS Microcontroller, smart home, Arduino, the Internet of Things (IoT).
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has become one of the major imaging methods because of its ability to record structural information and its high spatial resolution in biological tissues. Current commercialized PA imaging instruments are limited to varying degrees by their bulky size (i.e., the laser or scanning stage) or their use of complex optical components for light delivery. Here, we present a robust acoustic-resolution PA imaging system that consists of four adjustable optical fibers placed 90° apart around a 50 MHz high-frequency ultrasound (US) transducer. In the compact design concept of the PA probe, the relative illumination parameters (i.e., angles and fiber size) can be adjusted to fit different imaging applications in a single setting. Moreover, this design concept involves a user interface built in MATLAB. We first assessed the performance of our imaging system using in vitro phantom experiments. We further demonstrated the in vivo performance of the developed system in imaging (1) rat ear vasculature, (2) real-time cortical hemodynamic changes in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) during left-forepaw electrical stimulation, and (3) real-time cerebral indocyanine green (ICG) dynamics in rats. Collectively, this alignment-free design concept of a compact PA probe without bulky optical lens systems is intended to satisfy the diverse needs in preclinical PA imaging studies.
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