CBCT measurements were an accurate representation of the clinical thickness of both labial gingiva and bone. In addition, the thickness of the labial gingiva had a moderate association with the underlying bone radiographically.

The estimated location of the GPB was commonly closer to the cemento-enamel junction of posterior teeth. Agreement on the location of the GPB was lowered with the presence of high palatal vaults. The results of this study could assist clinicians in planning the location for harvesting SCTG on the hard palate.

The use of a BA in VRA resulted in a maximum of 2 mm more bone height gain compared with the SBA technique if the primary coverage can be achieved during the healing.

The risk of a lingual cortical plate fenestration or perforation, due to lingual concavity, in an edentulous posterior mandible in the region of the second premolar or first molar was found to be 0.053% if a regular 3.7-mm diameter tapered implant was used. In the presence of significant lingual concavity in the posterior mandible, a smaller regular diameter implant with a tapered design should be considered to avoid a potential fatal damage of vital structures.

The course of the lingual nerve in relation to posterior teeth was described. This information can help surgeons gain more understanding of the location of the lingual nerve and perform safe surgeries in the mandible.