Three types of rotating electric field conductance sensors (REFCSs) with four, six, and eight electrodes are designed and optimized in this paper to measure the water holdup of oil–gas–water three-phase flow in vertical upward 20 mm inner diameter pipe. The geometric parameters of the REFCSs are optimized using finite element method to access highly sensitive and homogeneous detection fields. The performance of the REFCSs in the water holdup measurement of three-phase flows is experimentally evaluated by generalizing the Maxwell equation. Based on the measured water holdup from the REFCSs, the slippage behaviors in oil–gas–water are uncovered and the superficial velocity of the water phase is determined. The results show that the REFCSs present a high resolution in the water holdup measurement. The REFCS with eight electrodes has better performance than those with four- and six-electrodes, which indicates that its configuration and geometric parameters are more suitable for vertical oil–gas–water three-phase flow measurement in 20 mm inner diameter pipe.
Radioluminescence materials (scintillators) are widely investigated because of their potential application in many fields, such as medical imaging, security‐related techniques, and nondestructive inspection. However, the fabrication of scintillator materials with simultaneously fast response time, high absorption coefficient, and high light yield, as well as low toxicity is still a challenge. Herein, the synthesis of Cu(I)‐doped Cs2AgI3 single crystals (SCs) with a 1D crystal structure is presented. A bright blue‐green photoluminescence (PL) is observed after incorporating Cu+ into the Cs2AgI3 SCs under UV irradiation at room temperature. The PL quantum yield of the doped samples can reach up to 73% at a Cu+ concentration of 0.66%. Experimental and theoretical studies show that the blue‐green emission may originate from self‐trapped excitons, which is further verified by photophysical results from control experiments on pure Cs2AgI3 SCs. Upon X‐ray excitation, Cu‐doped SCs exhibit fast scintillation decay time (288 ns), high light yield (27 000 photons per MeV), and high absorption coefficient compared with the commercial product (CsI: Tl). These results suggest that Cu‐doped Cs2AgI3 is an ideal scintillator, which will be a promising candidate for potential application in dynamic real‐time imaging and radiation detection.
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