Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) involves a series of steps that should be accomplished to determine the most cost-effective way to invest in conservation action. Although SCP has been usually applied at the species level (or hierarchically higher), it is possible to use alleles from molecular analyses at the population level as basic units for analyses. Here we demonstrate how SCP procedures can be used to establish optimum strategies for in situ and ex situ conservation of a single species, using Dipteryx alata (a Fabaceae tree species widely distributed and endemics to Brazilian Cerrado) as a case study. Data for the analyses consisted in 52 alleles from eight microsatellite loci coded for a total of 644 individual trees sampled in 25 local populations throughout species' geographic range. We found optimal solutions in which seven local populations are the smallest set of local populations of D. alata that should be conserved to represent the known genetic diversity. Combining these several solutions allowed estimating the relative importance of the local populations for conserving all known alleles, taking into account the current land-use patterns in the region. A germplasm collection for this species already exists, so we also used SCP approach to identify the smallest number of populations that should be further collected in the field to complement the existing collection, showing that only four local populations should be sampled for optimizing the species ex situ representation. The initial application of the SCP methods to genetic data showed here can be a useful starting point for methodological and conceptual improvements and may be a first important step towards a comprehensive and balanced quantitative definition of conservation goals, shedding light to new possibilities for in situ and ex situ designs within species.

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for the population genetic analyses of the neotropical tree Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae). • Methods and Results: Microsatellites were developed from a genomic shotgun library. Polymorphism at each microsatellite loci was analyzed based on 94 individuals from three populations. Eight loci amplified successfully and presented one to 10 alleles, and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.097 to 0.862. Four loci also amplified in Pterodon emarginatus and presented similar polymorphism. • Conclusion: The eight microsatellite primer pairs are potentially suitable for population genetic studies and successfully amplified in another Fabaceae species.

ABSTRACT. Many species are expected to suffer strong shifts in their geographic ranges due to climate changes in the next 50 years, with severe consequences for biodiversity patterns and population structure. We used here an ensemble forecast approach for obtaining species' range in which multiple species distribution models and climatic models were combined to model loss of genetic variability in Baru, Dipteryx alata (Fabaceae), an economically important Neotropical tree native to the Cerrado of Brazil. We estimated a series of genetic parameters (number of alleles per locus, expected heterozygosity under Geographic shifts and genetic variability in Dipteryx alataHardy-Weinberg equilibrium and mutation-drift equilibrium) for this species based on eight microsatellite loci. We then recalculated these parameters assuming that local populations in areas of low future environmental suitability will go extinct. All genetic parameters remained approximately constant up to a 50% threshold of climatic suitability in the future; after this critical threshold there is an abrupt reduction in all parameters, although the magnitude of shift is only about 10% of current values, on average. Thus, despite the shifts in geographic range and climatically suitable areas towards southeastern Brazil, our analyses do not predict a strong loss of genetic diversity in D. alata because of the broad tolerance of this species, which ensures large future ranges, contrasting with other Cerrado species that have been analyzed in a similar manner.

-(Genetic structure of natural populations of Tibouchina papyrus (pau-papel) in areas of cerrado rupestrian fi elds). This paper has the aim of using RAPD markers to describe the genetic of variability of Tibouchina papyrus (Pohl) Toledo local populations, from the regions of Serra Dourada and Serra de Pirineus, in Goiás State, Central Brazil. The six RAPD primers generated a total of 147 loci, varying from 23 to 26 per primer. The hierarchical evaluation of genetic variability, performed using an Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) considering the local populations within the two regions (i.e., Serra Dourada and Serra de Pirineus), showed an estimate of overall diversity among populations equal to Φ ST = 0.3439. The value of divergence between regions (Φ CT ) was equal to 18.96% so that the variation among local populations within regions was equal to 15.43%. Estimates of gene fl ow suggest a small number of migrants among local populations per generation. Multivariate analyses (UPGMA and NMDS) indicated that a relationship between genetic and geographical distances exists, which was confi rmed by a spatial pattern analysis using Mantel test (r = 0.71; P < 0.015 with 1000 random permutations). Thus, this structure was originated from a stochastic neutral model of population differentiation, in which drift within populations is counteracted by short distance gene fl ow. Despite strong levels of population structure (i.e., high divergence among populations within regions), the diversity observed support the hypothesis that T. papyrus is a facultative xenogamous species. The lack of high levels of homozigosity indicates that ecological mechanisms related to species' reproductive biology prevent, someway, a high level of endogamy within local structured populations, which could cause deleterious effects in a long run.Key words -cerrado, genetic variability, RAPD, Tibouchina papyrus RESUMO -(Estrutura genética em populações naturais de Tibouchina papyrus (pau-papel) em áreas naturais de campo rupestre no cerrado). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar marcadores RAPD para conhecer a variabilidade genética de populações de Tibouchina papyrus (Pohl) Toledo, provenientes da região de Serra Dourada e Serra dos Pirineus, no Estado de Goiás. Os seis iniciadores RAPD produziram um total de 147 locos, variando entre 23 e 26 por iniciador. A avaliação hierárquica da estruturação da variabilidade genética, realizada pela a AMOVA, considerando a existência de duas regiões (Serra dos Pirineus e Serra Dourada) apresentou uma estimativa de Φ ST = 0,3439. O valor do componente entre regiões (Φ CT ) foi igual a 18,96% e a variação entre populações dentro de regiões igual a 15,43%. As estimativas de fl uxo gênico sugerem a existência de uma baixa proporção de migrantes entre populações. As análises multivariadas (UPGMA e NMDS) indicam que existe uma relação entre distância genética e espaço geográfi co, hipótese esta que foi confi rmada por uma análise de padrão espacial utilizando o teste de Mantel (r = 0,71; ...

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O reparo em resina composta é um procedimento clínico viável e que possibilita a remoção da parte comprometida da restauração sem a necessidade de substituição completa da mesma, e, portanto, possibilitando a preservação de estrutura dental sadia. A decisão por manter parte da restauração e o protocolo clínico do reparo devem ser cuidadosamente avaliados e executados a fim de aumentar a previsibilidade do procedimento. A união entre a superfície da restauração antiga e a resina composta a ser adicionada baseiam-se na ligação química e mecânica entre esses compósitos. O preparo micromecânico do compósito em associação ao condicionamento com ácido fosfórico e uso de resina fluida a fim de melhorar o molhamento da superfície aumentam a resistência de união e eficiência do procedimento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a técnica de reparo realizada em um dente posterior, que possui uma restauração de resina composta parcialmente insatisfatória, descrevendo o protocolo clínico, as vantagens e limitações da técnica.

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The repair of composite resin restoration is a clinical procedure feasible and allows the removal of the engaged restoration without requiring complete replacement, and thus allowing the conservation of healthy tooth structure. The decision to keep part of the restoration and the clinical protocol of repair should be carefully evaluated and implemented to increase the predictability of the procedure. The bond between the old restoration surface and the composite resin to be added is based on the chemical and mechanical connection between these composites. The micromechanical preparation of the composite in combination with phosphoric acid and the use of fluid resin to improve the wetting of the surface increase the bond strength and efficiency of repair technique between composites. This study aimed to describe the technique of posterior tooth repair, performed in a composite resin restoration, describing the clinical protocol, the advantages and limitations of the technique.