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A group of intrinsic ligaments of the sphenoid bone which connect the anterior, middle & posterior clinoid processes occasionally get ossified and give rise to various types of ossified interclinoid bars. In present study the incidence of various types of ossified interclinoid bars were observed in 200 dry human skulls of unknown age & sex belonging to department of Anatomy of various Medical Colleges of Gujarat region. The interclinoid bars are classified on the basis of two classifications, proposed by Rani Archana et al and Keyers. Rani Archana et al, classified interclinoid bars into four types : Type I (caroticoclinoid foramen) bridge present between anterior and middle clinoid process, Type II bridge between anterior, middle and posterior clinoid process, Type III bridge between anterior and posterior clinoid process and Type IV bridge between the middle and posterior clinoid process. Each interclinoid bar was classified into contact, incomplete, complete types based on the classification of Keyers. In present study total incidence of interclinoid bars was 18%. Type I were present in 10.5%, out of which 8% were complete and 2.5% were incomplete. Types II in 3.5%, amongst them 2% were complete and 1.5% was mixed. Type III in 4%, out of which 2% were complete and 2% were incomplete. Total incidence of caroticoclinoid foramens was 14.5%, out of which 11.5% were complete and 3% were incomplete. Total incidence of sellar bridge was 7.5%, out of which 4.5% were complete and 3% were incomplete. Presence of osseous interclinoid bars may cause compression of surrounding structures like the cavernous sinus and its content, sphenoid sinus and pituitary gland. Therefore, detailed anatomical knowledge of various types of interclinoid bars can increase the success of diagnostic evaluation and surgical approaches to the region.

Background Human cadaveric dissection is considered as a core teaching tool and plays a major role in active learning process of students. However, students’ active participation and self-directed learning in dissection hall has declined over the period of time. Group discussion in dissection hall allows students to participate actively, engage in cooperative interaction, communicate effectively, and utilize self-directed learning. Therefore, group discussion has been introduced and assessed as a teaching-learning method in dissection with the aim of improving participation, learning, and communication skill of students in dissection hall. Methods This study was conducted on 100 students of Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Anand, Gujarat, India, during the 2018–2019 academic year. Students were divided in 10 groups for dissection. Group discussion was introduced as a teaching-learning method and assessed during dissection. Data were collected through anonymous feedback and then statistically analyzed. Result There was significant increase in active participation of most students during dissection: 79% students rated this method as good or excellent; 51 to 74% students agreed that this method helped them in better understanding of subject, improving dissection skills and communication; and 68% students agreed that working in group is better as compared with traditional method of dissection. The Cronbach's alpha of feedback questionnaire was 0.816. Conclusion Students perceived that the group discussion during dissection not only helped in creating active participation and better understanding of subject but also helped improve learning, communication, and dissection skills.

Introduction: The major vein draining blood from the heart is the Coronary Sinus (CS). Its significance in facilitating numerous cardiac treatments such as biventricular pacing, and the placement of a variety of cardiac devices has made the CS a therapeutically essential structure. The development of advanced invasive and interventional cardiac procedures requires a thorough understanding of CS anatomy. Aim: To determine the location, shape, length, and width of the CS together with its left atrial muscular coverage in hearts of formalin-fixed cadavers. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross- sectional study in which data was collected from 90 adult human cadaveric hearts preserved with formalin from both sexes. Forty cadaveric heart was obtained from Department of Anatomy, Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad and 50 from Dr. ND Desai Medical College and Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India and study was conducted from August 2020 to July 2022. External Lengths (EL) of CS were measured using thread and Vernier Calliper at different levels (EL1-From the entry of oblique vein into CS and EL2-From the point of union of the great cardiac vein and left marginal vein upto its termination). CS width was measured: at the beginning, at the point where Middle Cardiac Vein (MCV) enters, and at the point where it terminates in the right atrium. CS walls were examined to see whether the muscles of the left atrium covered them or not. Using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, a descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the range, mean, and standard deviation. Results: In all 90 (100%) hearts, CS was found in the posterior atrioventricular sulcus. Tubular-shaped CS was found in 80 (88.9%) hearts, while 10 (11.1%) hearts had funnel-shaped CS. The EL1 of the CS was 43.75±4.68 mm and EL2 was 40.19±5.62 mm. The width of the CS was 6.71±1.47 mm at the beginning, 8.49±1.89 mm at the entrance point of MCV, the maximum width at termination in the right atrium was 8.14±2.16 mm and the minimum width was 5.16±1.70 mm. Muscles of the left atrium covered CS in all cases. Conclusion: The CS has a variable location, shape, length, and width despite being a constant component of the heart’s venous system. Its importance in giving access to various cardiac procedures has made it a clinically significant structure. The baseline data of this study can help the cardiologists performing various cardiac procedures in the Gujarat population.