Here, a complete set of recombinant fission yeast strains that coexpress each of the 57 human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes together with their natural human electron transfer partner(s) was cloned. This strain collection was tested with two luminogenic probe substrates, and 31 human CYPs (including the orphan enzymes CYP2A7, CYP4A22 and CYP20A1) were found to metabolize at least one of these. Since other substrates are known for the remaining enzymes, all human CYPs are now shown to be active. Interestingly, CYP5A1 was found for the first time to work on a substrate other than prostaglandin H2, and, moreover, to catalyze an aliphatic hydroxylation reaction that consumes molecular oxygen. Also, the ability of CYP11A1 to catalyze an aryl hydroxylation is another unexpected result.
Aim:The study was carried out to investigate the molluscicidal activities of different solvent extracts of two (spaceing) Eritrean local plants, Croton macrostachyus and Cissus quadrangularis identified using ethno-botanical, pharmacological information and also traditional use gathered from traditional healers. Methods: Various solvent extract concentrations of leaves of Croton macrostachyus and Cissus quadrangularis leaves and seeds were tested for their molluscicidal activity against adult Biomphalaria species, the intermediate host of S. mansoni and Bulinus species, the intermediate host of S. haematobium and S. intercalates. The LC50 and LC90 were determined at 24 hours of Garoy et al.; EJMP, 19(4): 1-8, 2017; Article no.EJMP.33560 2 exposure. Comparison of molluscicidal activity of the different solvent extracts within and among the plants was also done. The effect of the increase in exposure time (36 and 48 hrs) on molluscicidal activity of the plants with respect to each solvent extract was then assessed. Results and Discussion: Screening test results indicated that a significant molluscicidal activity ranging from 15.558 ppm to 289.689 ppm was found. Comparison of the solvent extracts also revealed that a significant difference was shown in all the three plant materials, with p-value less than 0.05. Half (50%) of the plant extracts were found to have a significant difference in their molluscicidal activity upon increase in exposure time (p<0.05). In general, comparison of the plant material extracts showed that Croton marostachyus seed has the highest molluscicidal activity. Conculision: From the observations, it is concluded that plants, Croton macrostachyus leaf, seed and Cissus quadrangularis leaf were found to have molluscicidal effect against Bulinus species and Biomphalaria species of snails. Crude extracts of these plants caused death of the snails at varying concentrations. The best results in terms of toxicity to the intermediate host snail were exhibited by Croton macrostachyus seed, followed by Croton macrostachyus leaf. Prolonging the time of exposure was also found to increase the killing ability on half of the plant extracts. Original Research Article
Aim:The present study was taken to investigate the in vitro anti-microbial activity of Poly herbal formulation (PHF) of Schinus molle, Rhamnus prinoides, Grewia ferruginea, Achyranthes aspera against different human pathogenic strains. Methods: Leaves of selected plants were extracted by using Ethanol-Aqueous solution (70:30). The antimicrobial activities of different plants singly as well as various combined formulations were screened using agar well diffusion assay. Results and Discussion: All Poly herbal formulation showed zone of inhibition ranged from 23-40 mm against S. aureus as well as it was found to be susceptible to all the selected plant extracts when tested as single plant extract. In antifungal screening, the combined extract of Schinus molle Original Research Articleand Grewia ferruginea showed significant zone of inhibition against tested fungi when these two extracts were combined in the ratio of 1:1. C. albicans also showed susceptibility when all the four plant extracts were combined in equal ratio. While E. coli was found resistant to all the single and combined forms of the selected plant extracts. Conclusion:Based on comparison aspect of antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts it can be concluded that combined plant extracts overcome the problem of resistance towards antimicrobial effect of a single plant extract or purified drug. Results also conclude that the diseases or infections caused by S. aureus and C. albicans can be treated by preparing drugs from these combinations of plants.
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