Vertebrate nonmuscle cells express two actin isoforms: cytoplasmic -and ␥-actin. Because of the presence and localized translation of -actin at the leading edge, this isoform is generally accepted to specifically generate protrusive forces for cell migration. Recent evidence also implicates -actin in gene regulation. Cell migration without -actin has remained unstudied until recently and it is unclear whether other actin isoforms can compensate for this cytoplasmic function and/or for its nuclear role. Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking -actin display compensatory expression of other actin isoforms. Consistent with this preservation of polymerization capacity, -actin knockout cells have unchanged lamellipodial protrusion rates despite a severe migration defect. To solve this paradox we applied quantitative proteomics revealing a broad genetic reprogramming of -actin knockout cells. This also explains why reintroducing -actin in knockout cells does not restore the affected cell migration. Pathway analysis suggested increased Rho-ROCK signaling, consistent with observed phenotypic changes. We therefore developed and tested a model explaining the phenotypes in -actin knockout cells based on increased Rho-ROCK signaling and increased TGF production resulting in increased adhesion and contractility in the knockout cells. Inhibiting ROCK or myosin restores migration of -actin knockout cells indicating that other actins compensate for -actin in this process. Consequently, isoactins act redundantly in providing propulsive forces for cell migration, but -actin has a unique nuclear function, regulating expression on transcriptional and post-translational levels, thereby preventing myogenic differentiation.
The dynamic actin cytoskeleton, consisting of six actin isoforms in mammals and a variety of actin binding proteins is essential for all developmental processes and for the viability of the adult organism. Actin isoform specific functions have been proposed for muscle contraction, cell migration, endo-and exocytosis and maintaining cell shape. However, these specific functions for each of the actin isoforms during development are not well understood. Based on transgenic mouse models, we will discuss the expression patterns of the six conventional actin isoforms in mammals during development and adult life. Ablation of actin genes usually leads to lethality and affects expression of other actin isoforms at the cell or tissue level. A good knowledge of their expression and functions will contribute to fully understand severe phenotypes or diseases caused by mutations in actin isoforms. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 66: 798-815, 2009. '
The mouse genome consists of six functional actin genes of which the expression patterns are temporally and spatially regulated during development and in the adult organism. Deletion of beta-actin in mouse is lethal during embryonic development, although there is compensatory expression of other actin isoforms. This suggests different isoform specific functions and, more in particular, an important function for beta-actin during early mammalian development. We here report a role for beta-actin during neural crest ontogeny. Although beta-actin null neural crest cells show expression of neural crest markers, less cells delaminate and their migration arrests shortly after. These phenotypes were associated with elevated apoptosis levels in neural crest cells, whereas proliferation levels were unchanged. Specifically the pre-migratory neural crest cells displayed higher levels of apoptosis, suggesting increased apoptosis in the neural tube accounts for the decreased amount of migrating neural crest cells seen in the beta-actin null embryos. These cells additionally displayed a lack of membrane bound N-cadherin and dramatic decrease in cadherin-11 expression which was more pronounced in the pre-migratory neural crest population, potentially indicating linkage between the cadherin-11 expression and apoptosis. By inhibiting ROCK ex vivo, the knockout neural crest cells regained migratory capacity and cadherin-11 expression was upregulated. We conclude that the presence of beta-actin is vital for survival, specifically of pre-migratory neural crest cells, their proper emigration from the neural tube and their subsequent migration. Furthermore, the absence of beta-actin affects cadherin-11 and N-cadherin function, which could partly be alleviated by ROCK inhibition, situating the Rho-ROCK signaling in a feedback loop with cadherin-11.
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