The study was carried out to examine the haematological and behavioral response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations (0.0 ml/L (as control), 12.8 ml/ L, 25.59 ml/L, 38.39 ml/L, 51.19 ml/L, and 63.99 ml/L) of xylene using a renewable assay for 28 days. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) healthy Clarias gariepinus with a mean length of 15.20±2.3 cm and mean weight of 10.23±2.60 g was used for the experiment. Some physicochemical parameters such as temperature, conductivity, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), total hardness and total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, ammonia and nitrate were monitored using standard procedures. These parameters were significantly different (P<0.05) across the concentration gradients with time. behavioral changes observed in C. gariepinus exposed to the different concentrations of xylene compared to the control includes increased erratic swimming, hyperactivity, decreased equilibrium status, increased jerky movement and decreased fin movement. There were significant dissimilarities (P<0.05) observed in haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, red blood cell counts, white blood cell and blood platelets of the Clarias gariepinus species on exposure to the toxicant from the control except for mean corpuscular volume and haemoglobin concentration PCV (24.5±0.33 to 20.8±0.06); HB (6.9±0.58 to 8.2±1.03); RBC (3.5±0.08 to 3.9±0.16); WBE (6.9±0.05 to 10.1±0.04); Platelet (168±1.45 to 214±0.05); MCHC (30.5±0.07 to 32.5±0.01); MCH (20.5±0.01 to 20.4±0.01) and MCV (59±0.07 to 62±0.02) respectively. In conclusion, xylene caused negative changes in the haematological indices and the behavioural pattern of C. garienpinus. Hence the need to focus efforts on ensuring a decrease in the discharge of xylene to water bodies.
The study was conducted to determine the heavy metals concentration in selected shell fishes (U. tangeri, C. amnicola, T. fuscatus, P. monodon), sediment and water. The samples were collected from a fishing port along the Opuro-ama Creek in Rivers State of Nigeria. analysis for Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co) and Zinc (Zn) were done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The order of metal accumulation in these shellfishes, sediment and water were; C. amnicola (Fe > Zn > Cu > Co > Mn); U. tangeri (Fe > Zn > Cu > Co > Mn); T. fuscatus (Fe > Cu > Zn > Co > Mn); P. monodon (Fe > Co > Zn > Cu = Mn); Sediment (Fe > Zn > Co > Cu > Mn); Water (Fe > Cu > Mn > Co = Zn). There was statistical difference (p<0.05) in metals concentration in the soft tissues in all the shellfish. From the results, the concentration of the metals in the tissues of all the shell fishes, the interstitial water and the sediment sampled from the creek were within the permissible limit recommended by the Department of Petroleum Resources (DRP), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) except for Fe which was above the recommended limit. The physicochemical parameters of the interstitial water such as pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TSS) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Salinity were within the acceptable levels in the guidelines for drinking]. Although Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were slightly higher than the recommended limit of these metals by Department of Petroleum Resources (DRP). This indicates that if theses metals are not checked, they may increase the potential for bioaccumulation in the shellfishes and the creek as well. Therefore, there is need for regular monitoring of this creek to avoid future deterioration.
Heavy metal contamination in water and sediment is a serious concern, particularly in natural resource-dependent countries. In most coastal communities in these countries, drinking water quality, stable food, and livelihoods are primarily dependent on ecological systems and marine resources (e.g., sediments and sh), thus humans and other receptors are exposed to heavy metal risks through ingestion and dermal contact. This research evaluated the potential ecological risks of heavy metals including Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb) in water, sediments, and shell shes (C. amnicola, U. tangeri, T. fuscatus, P. monodon) along the Oproama creeks in Niger Delta, Nigeria. The concentrations of heavy metals were measured in three stations within the waterways using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and their relative ecological and human health risk analysed. Health risk evaluation of individual heavy metals in shell sh tissue indicates an adverse health impact. The high mean carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) values of Cd (3.74), Pb (4.3), and Cr (8.4) recorded in the shell sh were signi cantly greater than 1, while the degree of contamination in the sediment (110.84) and water (60.15) were greater than 24 which is an indication of potential adverse ecological and human health impacts for different age groups and residents in the area. This establishes a signi cant possibility of heavy metal risks to public health, water quality and marine organisms. While in-depth health analysis is recommended, there is an urgent need to reduce oil spills, and an intentional provision of sustainable livelihoods to the local population.
The study was aimed at examining the impact of untreated discharges from artisanal refineries (illegal bunkering), loading and other related activities on the composition, abundance, distribution, and diversity of zooplankton and macrobenthic fauna from four creek channels of the Isaka-Bundu waterfront in Rivers State, a polluted tidal mangrove wetland. Zooplankton and benthic fauna samples were collected monthly from each of the sampling stations for six months (July to December 2021 using standard sampling methods. Margalef (D), Shannon Wienner (H), and Evenness indices were tools used to determine the species richness and diversity respectively using the SPSS statistical package. This study shows that illegal refining activities and other discharges from industrial and human wastes had an unfavourable impact on the zooplankton and macro-benthic fauna community in Isaka-Bundu waterfronts. The effects are reflected in the spatial variations in the composition with more agitation, especially in station 2 in zooplankton and station 3 in macrobenthic fauna, which has a lower number of species and abundance. The majority of indicator species is a validation of this study, the community structure is an insight into the adverse effects of individual and cumulative activities. More impact was observed on the benthos and benthic fauna and this could be due to their exceptional features and location in the aquatic environment. While therefore, this is an indication that creeks are polluted and regular monitoring should be carried out to report the special degradation level of this creek.
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