The following account of the origin, development and diffusion of certain metal types, which appear in Anatolia mainly before 2000 B.C., represents the first part of a larger study of Anatolian metalwork in the Bronze Age. The objects of this study are to bring the corpus of published material more up-to-date; to examine the typological development of the main types; to relate these types to local chronological and cultural divisions; and to indicate the wider relations of the Anatolian metal industry with other centres of production.The need for such a study is illustrated by the fact that S. Przeworski's standard work on this subject, Die Metallindustrie Anatoliens in der Zeit von 1500–700 vor Chr., was published almost twenty years ago, at a time when modern excavation had only begun to lay the foundations of Anatolian archaeology.More recently, Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop has included some of the Bronze Age metalwork from Anatolia in wider schemes of typological development. But as this treatment tends to compress certain details of local evolution, which are important in a study such as this, I have often had to introduce a fresh classification in order to clarify the development of the Anatolian material. To avoid confusion I have used the prefix “Western Asiatic” to distinguish Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop's types from my own.
ABSTRACT. Three factors-contamination, a dietary reservoir effect, and a regional Δ 14 C anomaly-are considered as possible contributing explanations for an almost 2-century offset between the historically documented age of 612 BCE and the calibrated ages of 9 14 C determinations obtained on 3 human skeletons directly associated stratigraphically with an archaeologically-and historically-defined 612 BCE event at the ancient site of Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia (Iraq). We note that on the order of a 1% (~80 yr) offset caused by one or a combination of these 3 factors, or other as yet unidentified additional factor(s), would be sufficient to move the average measured 14 C age of these bone samples within the major "warp" in the 14 C timescale during the mid-1st millennium BCE. We provide what we believe to be sufficient evidence that contamination is not a major factor in the case of these bone samples. At this time, we lack appropriate data to determine with sufficient rigor the degree to which a dietary reservoir effect may be contributing to the offset. At present, a posited regional Δ 14 C anomaly does not appear to be supported on the basis of data from several other localities in the Near East of similar age. One purpose of presenting this data set is to solicit comparisons with 14 C values obtained on samples from additional, historically well-documented, known-age archaeological contexts for this time period in this and adjacent regions.
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