EEM spectroscopy can be implemented as a powerful technique for determining the purity of complex mixtures, especially when other techniques, including mass spectrometry, fail to provide adequate characterization of a given material.
D oes early life exposure to cigarette smoke permanently harm children? This question is relevant to several related literatures in economics. While smoking during pregnancy is known to damage infant health, there have been few attempts to causally link early life smoke exposure with longer term outcomes. A growing literature shows that early life environment predicts success in adulthood. Still, little is known about how health capital at birth influences childhood-an important period in the lifecycle for human capital accumulation. Furthermore, smoking is a behavior associated with low socioeconomic status families. For those interested in the intergenerational transmission of inequality, cigarette smoke could be one channel by which health and human capital are passed from parent to child. Finally, this research question has implications for tobacco policy and smoking cessation programs. The potential for long-term improvements in child health should be considered in cost-benefit analyses of these policies.
In this paper, we estimate the relationship between cyclical changes in aggregate labor market opportunities and child health outcomes. In addition to using state unemployment rates to proxy for labor market conditions, as is common in the existing literature, we construct predicted employment growth indices that allow us to separately identify demand-induced changes in labor market opportunities for fathers and mothers. In contrast with prominent studies of adult health, we find no evidence that negative shocks to general economic conditions are associated with improvements in contemporaneous measures of children's health. We do find, however, that focusing on gender-inclusive economic variables obscures the extent to which the labor market affects children. Specifically, we find evidence that improvements in labor market conditions facing women are associated with worse child health, while improvements in men's labor market conditions have smaller positive effects on child health. These patterns, which are consistent with previous findings on the effects of individual parental employment and job displacement, suggest that family income and maternal time use are both important mechanisms mediating the effects of aggregate labor market conditions on child health.
A moulding technique is presented for the simultaneous photostructuring on the μm scale of hydrogels with nanomaterials on one substrate, usable for the fabrication of microfluidic double-chamber reactors.
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