Bronze cheese-graters have been found in three 9th-century warriors' graves at Lefkandi in Euboea. The presence of a similar item in a socially elevated male (and military) context is attested in the Iliad (xi, 628-643), when it is used in the preparation of a kykeon (mixture) in Nestor's depas (cup) that apparently revives a wounded hero. 'Nestor's cup, good to drink from' is mentioned in an inscription from a grave (c. 725-700) at Euboean Pithekoussai on the Bay of Naples; and a number of bronze (occasionally silver) graters occur in 7th-century Orientalizing princely graves along the Tyrrhenian seaboard. Unlike that of the better-known 8th-century Euboean 'pre-colonial' skyphoi there, the distribution of 7th-century graters extends as far north as the metal-bearing area of Tuscany. It is suggested that a particular kind of 'heroic' drinking may have been introduced to the local Etruscan 'princes' by Euboeans negotiating for supplies of the Tuscan ores that are known to have been used at Pithekoussai; the presence c.700-690 of a highranking Etruscan xenos (guest) at nearby Cumae, recently postulated on epigraphic grounds, may be significant in this respect.
The aim of this investigation is to compare different mathematical models of the liver in the context of in vitro-in vivo correlation. We reanalyze drugs from the Houston reviews [1, 2], and compare the mathematical models. For the well-stirred model, a particular form of the distributed tubes model, and the dispersion model, fits are done to in vitro and in vivo intrinsic clearance data from microsomal and hepatocyte experiments. The distributed and dispersion models have decreased residuals as compared to the well-stirred model, but neither is to be clearly preferred over theother. It seems likely that drug-specific factors have a major impact on the quality of IVIVC correlations. While new experiments are needed to validate IVIVC models, our results indicate that improved correlation of in vitroand in vivo data is possible for high clearance drugs by using either a dispersion or distributed tube model rather than a well-stirred model.
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