Study Objectives: Abscess infections frequently present to the emergency department (ED) and are an opportunity to determine the molecular factors that contribute to disease severity. The goal of this work was to determine the concentration of host immune mediators including IFN-g, IL-17, IL-1b, and TNF-a and apolipoprotein B (apoB) in complicated and simple infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. We hypothesized that complicated infections would have deficiencies in local host immunity and enhanced bacterial virulence. To test this hypothesis we measured both host proteins and bacterial virulence gene expression in complicated and simple abscesses.Methods: We obtained abscess fluid from subjects presenting to the ED with simple and complicated infections as defined by current clinical guidelines. We then performed multiplex protein analysis on collected abscess fluids and patient serum samples. In addition, we examined S. aureus virulence gene expression by quantitative-PCR.Results: We found differences in cytokine profiles with complicated abscesses having altered IFN-g, IL-17, IL-1b, TNF-a, and IL-10 responses when compared to simple abscesses. We found that apoB, which disrupts bacterial quorum sensing, was lower in complicated infections. In addition to differences in the local inflammatory responses, several bacterial virulence genes were upregulated in complicated infections. These genes include bacterial toxins and bacterial stress response genes.Conclusion: Together these findings translate clinical findings of disease severity into molecular determinants of pathogenesis and reveal a potential mechanism by which future antimicrobials could enhance treatment. Specifically, these data identify local host defects in inflammation and control of bacterial communication. These defects are associated with increases in bacterial virulence gene expression and reveal a potential role for quorum sensing inhibitors as a way of augmenting defective host immunity.
No abstract
Language deficits are seen in all affected fragile X males, even those with a normal IQ.
From January 31 through February 3, 2019 the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM) held its 45th annual Conference on Medical Student Education in Jacksonville, Florida. STFM is a collaborative organization composed of members who are dedicated to teaching the discipline to learners of any level. The conference brings together members including physicians, administrators, behavioral scientists, researchers, residents, and students to learn from one another and improve the quality of family medicine education in the United States and Canada. Abstracts for all conference submissions can be found on the STFM website.1 Plenary speakers addressed topics related to health equity (Joanne Rooney, JD, LLM, EdD); discrimination and bias in the medical workplace (Roberto E. Montenegro, MD, PhD); and mentoring in family medicine (Beat Steiner, MD, MPH, STFM President). The STFM Committee on Medical Student Education reviewed the 14 completed educational research projects and selected six exemplary abstracts as the best of the conference. Criteria for inclusion included relevance to medical student education with a focus on family medicine education, study quality, and meaningful conclusions. Five of the abstracts appear in this collection. One has been published in the intervening time.2 Society of Teachers of Family Medicine. 2019 Conference on Medical Student Education Conference Sessions. https://www.stfm.org/conferences/generalinformation/msearchives/. Accessed April 28, 2019. Stumbar SE, Garba NA, Holder C. Let’s talk about sex: the social determinants of sexual and reproductive health for second-year medical students. MedEdPORTAL. 2018;14;10772. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10772
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