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This paper presents the new information on orifice flow metering in ASME Performance Test Code (PTC) 19.5, “Flow Measurement” [1], and discusses many of the clarifications that have been made based on experience and commentary to the review drafts of the Code. In particular, this paper expounds upon details regarding piping installation requirements for accurate measurement. A major advancement incorporated into ASME PTC 19.5 is the development of a coefficient of discharge equation that is based on fluid dynamic theory. The theoretical concept and a summary of the derivation of the new discharge coefficient equation for orifices are presented in this paper. It is shown that the calibration interpretation methodology introduced in PTC 19.5, which is similar to that developed earlier for nozzle calibrations, reduces the uncertainty of calibrated orifice metering sections, even when used outside the calibration range.
Traditional undergraduate instruction in process control focuses on abstract analysis and often does not prepare students for the industrially important task of synthesizing process control strategies and designs. This project bridges the chasm between academics and industry by developing inexpensive and flexible process control lab kits that will allow students to design, implement and test their own control systems. At the heart of the process is the LEGO ® RCX brick, an inexpensive system that grabs student interest. Using the kits, students are able to construct the physical process with quick release fittings and implement the control system in software using ROBOLAB TM for LabVIEW TM. Inexpensive kits were developed using LEGO components that include a tank, sensors, motorized control valve and a control algorithm. The kits are easy to reproduce. With them, students conduct several level experiments which illustrate concepts of simple draining tank dynamics. The students plan and construct the piping, determine the placement of sensors and control elements and decide the process control parameters. In a single class period, the students design, construct and test their process. Because the kits are inherently safe and require only electrical power and water to run, they can be used for laboratories, classroom demonstrations and exercises, independent activities and for educational outreach to high school students.
Performance test codes require primary mass-flow accuracies that in many applications require laboratory quality calibration of differential pressure meters. It is also true that many performance tests are conducted at Reynolds numbers and flows well above the laboratories' capacities, and sound extrapolation methods had to be developed. Statistical curve fits and regression analyses by themselves, absent fluid-dynamic foundations, are not valid procedures for extrapolation. The ASME PTC 19.5-2004 discharge coefficient equations reproduced in this paper for nozzles, orifices, and venturis are suitable for use whenever calibration data are to be applied in a flow measurement and/or extrapolated to higher Reynolds numbers as necessary. The equations may also be used for uncalibrated differential pressure meters by using nominal values. It is necessary to note that the metering runs must be manufactured with dimensions, tolerances, smoothness, etc., and installed in strict accordance with ASME PTC 19.5 for these equations to be valid. Note that for compressible flow, the value of the expansion factor term in the PTC 19.5 equation must be the one corresponding to the published PTC 19.5 equation.
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