Cas9-mediated gene editing is a powerful tool for addressing research questions in arthropods. Current approaches rely upon delivering Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex by embryonic microinjection, which is challenging, is limited to a small number of species, and is inefficient even in optimized taxa. Here we develop a technology termed Receptor-Mediated Ovary Transduction of Cargo (ReMOT Control) to deliver Cas9 RNP to the arthropod germline by injection into adult female mosquitoes. We identify a peptide (P2C) that mediates transduction of Cas9 RNP from the female hemolymph to the developing mosquito oocytes, resulting in heritable gene editing of the offspring with efficiency as high as 0.3 mutants per injected mosquito. We demonstrate that P2C functions in six mosquito species. Identification of taxa-specific ovary-specific ligand–receptor pairs may further extend the use of ReMOT Control for gene editing in novel species.

Alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have advanced rapidly in recent years and now show improved potential to become a low-temperature fuel cell alternative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells. To date, performance and durability are still too low to meet the promised reductions in materials cost, especially demonstration of platinum group metal- and precious metal-free AEMFCs. U.S. Department of Energy technical milestones for the next ten years are laid out herein. These milestones focus on the major barriers to AEMFC viability, hastening economic competitiveness and application relevance. Standard test conditions will facilitate benchmarking of AEMFC catalysts and membranes.

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16) Whatever the exact cause and reason for the observed relative reactivities is incidental to the purpose of this study and of course should have no direct effect on the observed stereospecificity and hence spin multiplicity. (17) S.