To investigate the genetic background of the black populations of Colombia and Jamaica, we determined HLA types of 78 Colombian and 98 Jamaican blacks from 2 different socioeconomic groups (Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2) and estimated the frequencies of HLA genes and haplotypes. A phylogenetic tree based on the HLA gene frequencies revealed that Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2 were distinct from each other, Jamaican #1 being closely related to the Colombian blacks and the Jamaican #2 being closely related to Senegalese and Zairean populations. Three-locus HLA haplotypes of Colombian and Jamaican #1 blacks were an admixture between Africans and Caucasians or South American Indians, while Jamaican #2 blacks were relatively homogeneous and appeared to conserve African lineages. The major five-locus HLA haplotypes were not shared among Colombian, Jamaican #1 and Jamaican #2 blacks. These results indicated that the black populations of Colombia and Jamaican were originated from African blacks and admixed variably with Caucasians and South American Indians to make genetic subpopulations in Colombia and Jamaica.
Valuable information is provided as regards the characteristics of the geriatric and dependent population, as well as the physiotherapy help they are receiving, and also how the procedure is carried out.
Es evidente la importancia de la ocupación en la salud, tanto mental como física, de las personas mayores. Se debe transmitir a la persona mayor la importancia de la ocupación en conseguir una vida feliz y saludable. Basados en esta enseñanza, se podrá llegar al convencimiento del poder de la actividad diaria para transformar la vida. Por lo tanto, esta comunicación se presenta como una revisión teórica de los trabajos más importantes en relación a esta temática, con el objetivo de profundizar la relación existente actualmente entre ocupación y salud en la persona mayor. De esta forma, se delimita la base de la que deberán partir las investigaciones y programas que pretendan mejorar el bienestar, la salud y la calidad de vida de este sector de población utilizando como fármaco la ocupación y la actividad. Quizás las instituciones públicas se deban plantear el invertir en el desarrollo ocupacional para reducir el gasto sanitario y mejorar la calidad de vida de los mayores.
Los alumnos y alumnas bilingües o multilingües mejoran su aprendizaje de otras lenguas cuando se les permite acceder a todos sus repertorios lingüísticos en vez de restringirse a prácticas y enfoques instruccionales monolingües, tomando gran importancia la comprensión oral. La comprensión oral requiere una didáctica específica y una práctica sistemática para desarrollarse en lengua extranjera, para ello es necesario tener flexibilidad a la hora de utilizar su repertorio lingüístico.
The aim of this work is to analyse and communicate the 'state of the art' in inclusive education for the Spanish communities of Madrid, Extremadura and Andalusia, as it is now more than 20 years since inclusive education was first adopted in Spain. The analysis is displayed in a twofold perspective: the basic standards inclusive education is governed by and how it is perceived by the educators who have been applying it. Firstly, the national standards for inclusive education, the specific legislative norms for each community and how these are applied are examined, the key question being: what are the normal standards at present and where do we go from here? Secondly, the results of a questionnaire addressed to the educators, support teachers and other professionals who work in the different centres of the three Spanish communities are analysed. The conclusions derived from this questionnaire aim to address the following: How is the process of inclusive education carried out in Spain?
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