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Context-Systemic hypertension is prevalent among patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Short-term studies indicate that continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy reduces blood pressure in patients with hypertension and OSA.Objective-To determine whether CPAP therapy is associated with a lower risk of incident hypertension.Design, Setting, and Participants-A prospective cohort study of 1889 participants without hypertension who were referred to a sleep center in Zaragoza, Spain, for nocturnal polysomnography between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2000. Incident hypertension was documented at annual follow-up visits up to January 1, 2011. Multivariable models adjusted for Corresponding Author: José M. Marin, MD, Respiratory Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Avda Isabel la Católica, 1-3, 50006 Zaragoza, Spain (jmmarint@unizar.es).. Author Contribution: Dr Marin had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Conclusion-Compared with participants without OSA, the presence of OSA was associated with increased adjusted risk of incident hypertension; however, treatment with CPAP therapy was associated with a lower risk of hypertension. HHS Public AccessOBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA (OSA), a prevalent condition that is estimated to affect 17% of US adults, is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and overall mortality. [1][2][3][4][5] Although treatment of OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is associated with decreased overall cardiovascular risk, its efficacy in preventing new-onset hypertension is unknown. 2Several cross-sectional studies link OSA to arterial hypertension, a major risk factor for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events. [6][7][8][9][10] However, the association between OSA and increased rate of incident hypertension has not been observed consistently in prospective studies. 11,12 A relatively short follow-up period (<5 years) and a limited inclusion of patients with severe OSA hinder conclusions regarding the association of OSA with incident hypertension. 11,12 Further more, the contribution of change in body weight over time, a well-established risk factor for both hypertension and OSA, to the development of newonset hyper-tension has not been investigated in patients with OSA. 13 Treatment of OSA eliminates repetitive episodes of hypoxia associated with transient cessation of breathing and stabilizes cardiovascular function. 14 Short-term studies indicate that CPAP use is associated with a reduction in blood pressure in patients with hypertension and OSA. 15 Whether long-term CPAP therapy prevents or reduces the rate of new-onset hypertension in patients with OSA has not been investigated. We hypothesized that OSA is an independent risk factor for the development of new-onset hypertension and that longterm CPAP therapy reduces this risk regardless of change in body weight over time. Clinical DataDemographic, anthropomet...

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Drawing upon Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as theoretical framework and methodological tool, the present paper critically examines the legislation that has established English as official language in 30 states. This study captures the motivation and rationale of the policies, their stated outcomes and educational implications. The analysis situates the discourse embedded in official language policies within its socio-historical context and the conceptualization of race and language in the US. The results indicate that official English legislation responds to a conservative raciolinguistic ideology that seeks to reaffirm the hegemony of English as a mechanism of internal colonization. Official English attempts to establish monolingual educational and governmental practices that serve as an instrument to protect the status quo and, thus, perpetuate the privilege of whiteness and the subordination of immigrants, and Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC).