Samples from 9 llamas (28 through 36 weeks of gestation) were collected and fixed in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde (light microscopy) and in 2.5% buffered glutaraldehyde (transmission and scanning electron microscopy). The material was processed in paraplast and slides (5mm) were stained with HE, PAS, Masson-Trichrome, acid phosphatase and Perl's. The uteroferrin was immunolocalized. The results show that llama placenta is chorioallantoic, diffuse, folded and epitheliochorial, and the fetus is covered with an epidermal membrane. The trophoblast cells have variable morphology: cubic, rounded and triangular cells, with cytoplasm containing PAS-positive granules. Binucleated cells with large cytoplasm and rounded nuclei, as well as giant trophoblastic cells with multiple nuclei were also observed. Numerous blood vessels were observed beneath the cells of the uterine epithelium and around the chorionic subdivided branches. Glandular activity was shown by PAS, Perl's, and acid phosphatase positive reactions in the cytoplasm and glandular lumen, and by immunolocalization of the uteroferrin in the glandular epithelium. The uterine glands open in spaces formed by the areoles, which are filled by PAS-positive material. The llama fetus was covered by the epidermal membrane, composed of stratified epithelium, with up to seven layers of mono-, bi- or trinucleated cells. The high level of maternal and fetal vascularization surfaces indicates an intense exchange of substances across both surfaces. The metabolic activity shown in the uterine glands suggests an adaptation of the gestation to the high altitudes of the natural habitat of this species.
The placenta of the llama has been described as epitheliochorial in type, but recent studies have not shown extensively the fetal nutrition aspects in this animal. In epitheliochorial placentation there is development of structures called areolae, as well as inter-microvillous attachment of the trophoblast, with irregular contact, to the uterine epithelium. This attachment is interrupted and the transfer of substances between the mother and the fetus takes place across the areolar cavity. These areolae appeared as small rounded or dome-shaped elevated areas of the chorioallantoic membrane over the narrow uterine gland openings. In order to detail their mechanisms of iron transfer in the llama placenta, we collected the samples of nine uteri between 28 to 36 weeks of pregnancy in association with fetal membranes. These samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS, processed, and stained for light microscopy (HE, picrosirius, and Masson's trichrome), histochemistry (Perls, acid phosphatase, and PAS reactions) and immunohistochemistry with rabbit anti pig uteroferrin antibody to confirm the iron transfer, because the uteroferrin is an iron transporter and a progesterone-induced hematopoietic growth factor. The trophoblast formed a columnar-type single layer that was comprised of cells of various sizes and shapes with basal nuclei, including the giant binucleate cells. The trophoblast formed chorionic projections which presented ramifications in number from 4 to 5. A great quantity of blood vessels were found in the materno-fetal interface, between the cells of uterine epithelium and around of the chorionic projections. A PAS-positive reaction was observed with diffuse cytoplasmic PAS staining at the apical region of the trophoblast at the materno-fetal interface as well as in the endometrial glands. Collagen fibers were observed in the mesenchyme and inside the chorionic projections. In the areolae we confirmed the positive reaction of the acid phosphatase enzyme that detects phagocytic activity. In the basal region of the uterine gland epithelium, which is columnar type, and in the gland lumina, this reaction demonstrated a strong positive stain. The Perls histochemical reaction that reveals ferric iron was positive in the areola, as well as in the uterine glands. The uteroferrin immunohistochemistry showed a strong stained in the areolae and in the epithelium and lumina of the uterine glands. Our findings suggest that the areola region and the endometrial glands play an important role in histiotrophic nutrition in llamas, and in fetal red blood cell formation by iron transfer from mother to the fetus. This work was supported by FAPESP, CNPq, CAPES, PRONEX, Brazil.
El objetivo fue determinar los valores hematológicos del cocodrilo de Tumbes (Crocodylus acutus), especie categorizada en peligro crítico de extinción por el Estado Peruano. Se realizó la recolección de muestras de sangre por punción del seno venoso localizado en la region cervical postoccipital de individuos machos separados en dos grupos etarios (15 individuos juveniles y 15 individuos sub adultos) aparentemente sanos del Centro de Acuicultura Tuna Carranza, Puerto Pizarro en Tumbes, Perú. Luego de colectar la sangre en tubos con heparina de litio, se realizaron los frotices para hemograma y se llenaron microcapilares para la determinación de hematocrito. Las muestras fueron enviadas y procesadas en el Laboratorio de Patología Clínica de Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Se obtuvieron los siguientes valores promedios: 23,56% ± 3,23 de hematocrito, 8,48 g/dL ± 2,13 de hemoglobina, 0,988 106/µL ± 4,54 de glóbulos rojos y 5,90 ± 4,27 103/µL de glóbulos blancos: 2,68 103/µL ± 1,51 de heterófilos, 1,58 103/µL ± 1,4 de linfocitos, 2,35 103/µL ± 2,4 de eosinófilos, 1,45 103/µL ± 1,71 de basófilos y 0,50 103/µL ± 0,85 de monocitos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre grupos etarios.
Meu sincero agradecimento a Dra. Maria Angélica Miglino, orientadora do presente trabalho, pela sua confiança e oportunidade outorgada ao me aceitar como aluno de mestrado. Ao CNPq pela concessão da bolsa de estudo do Programa Estudante Convenio-Pós-Graduação (PEC-PG). Muito obrigado por esta grande oportunidade.
RESUMENSe reporta el caso de una boa (Boa constrictor) adulta llevada a consulta por presentar un cuadro de anorexia, letargo y ausencia de deposiciones por dos meses. Según la historia, el ejemplar se alimentaba de pequeños anfibios, ratas y carne molida. En el examen físico se palpó una distensión firme de la cavidad celómica. Mediante radiografía simple se detectaron 13 estructuras radiopacas ocupando el tercio final de la cavidad celómica del animal. Se diagnosticó obstrucción intestinal por fecalomas. Se le trató inicialmente con aceite mineral oral y transrectal sin éxito. El animal fue sometido a una enterotomía y se logró retirar 365 g de contenido fecal. Después de la cirugía, se administró un tratamiento con antibioticoterapia a base de enrofloxacina (10 mg/kg, i.m) y ketoprofeno (2 mg/kg, i.m.) como antiinflamatorio; además, se administró aceite mineral (1 mg/kg) por vía oral para favorecer el tránsito intestinal. Palabras clave: fecaloma, anorexia, Boa constrictor ABSTRACTIt is reported the case of an adult python (Boa constrictor) with signs of anorexia, lethargy and no bowel movements for about two months. According to the clinical history, the animal was fed with small amphibians, rats and ground beef. On the clinical evaluation was palpated a firm distention of the coeloic cavity. Through simple radiography was detected 13 radiopaque structures in the final third of the coelomic cavity. The diagnosis was intestinal obstructions due to fecalomas. The initial treatment consisted
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