Providing appropriate prosthetic feet to those with limb loss is a complex and subjective process influenced by professional judgment and payer guidelines. This study used a small load cell (Europa™) at the base of the socket to measure the sagittal moments during walking with three objective categories of prosthetic feet in eleven individuals with transtibial limb loss with MFCL K2, K3 and K4 functional levels. Forefoot stiffness and hysteresis characteristics defined the three foot categories: Stiff, Intermediate, and Compliant. Prosthetic feet were randomly assigned and blinded from participants and investigators. After laboratory testing, participants completed one week community wear tests followed by a modified prosthetics evaluation questionnaire to determine if a specific category of prosthetic feet was preferred. The Compliant category of prosthetic feet was preferred by the participants (P=0.025) over the Stiff and Intermediate prosthetic feet, and the Compliant and Intermediate feet had 15% lower maximum sagittal moments during walking in the laboratory (P=0.0011) compared to the Stiff feet. The activity level of the participants did not change significantly with any of the wear tests in the community, suggesting that each foot was evaluated over a similar number of steps, but did not inherently increase activity. This is the first randomized double blind study in which prosthetic users have expressed a preference for a specific biomechanical characteristic of prosthetic feet: those with lower peak sagittal moments were preferred, and specifically preferred on slopes, stairs, uneven terrain, and during turns and maneuvering during real world use.
The functional level (K level) of prosthetic users is used to choose appropriate
prosthetic components, but ratings may highly subjective. A more objective and
robust method to determine K level may be appealing. The aim of this study was
to determine the relationship between K level determined in the clinic to K
level based on real world ambulatory activity data collected by StepWatch.
Twelve individuals with transtibial limb loss gave informed consent to
participate. K level assessments performed in the clinic by a single treating
prosthetist were compared with a calculated estimate based on seven days of real
world ambulatory activity patterns using linear regression. There was good
agreement between the two methods of determining K level with
R
2
= 0.775 (
p
< 0.001). The
calculated estimate of K level based on actual ambulatory activity in real world
settings appears to be similar to the treating prosthetist’s assessment of K
level based on gait observation and patient responses in the clinic.
Clinic-based ambulatory capacity in transtibial prosthetic users appears to
correlate with real world ambulatory behavior in this small cohort. Determining
functional level based on real world ambulatory activity may supplement
clinic-based tests of functional capacity.
Agenesis of the venous duct is a rare congenital anomaly resulting in abnormal drainage of the umbilical vein into the foetal venous circulation. The clinical presentation and prognosis is variable, and may depend on the specific drainage pathways of the umbilical vein. We present two foetuses with agenesis of the venous duct, both associated with a postnatal portosystemic shunt, but with markedly different postnatal clinical courses. We also review all previously reported cases to better characterise this foetal disorder and the prognosis.
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