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Sports clubs run by their members account for a significant proportion of sports participation in England and are central to government policy to grow participation. A survey of clubs in the United Kingdom shows that clubs can be clustered into three groups reflecting different levels of formality. While it is not possible to make a definitive estimate of the proportions of English clubs in each of the three groups, the more formal types of clubs probably offer the most viable policy instrument for increasing sports participation. These are split into two groups: large clubs for adults and juniors, owning their own facilities; and clubs focused predominantly on junior participants and relying on hired facilities. These two types of clubs will require different types of support. The third group of clubs are small informal/traditional clubs, with only adult members. As a group they make an important contribution to participation growth but their informality probably makes them a less viable medium for this policy objective.

The impact of a community free swimming programme for young people (under 19

Test-retest reliability of repeated voids in pressure-flow studies and the influence on maximum flow rate (Q max pQ), detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate (p det Q max ), voided volume, and residual urine were studied. Also the agreement in interpretation of pressureflow tracings between investigators and a single blinded central reader acting as a quality control center (QCC) were assessed. In addition, correlations between p det Q max and patient age, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), free maximum flow rate (Q max ), and prostate volume were calculated. Using suprapubic pressure recording, 216 men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) were investigated in 11 centers. In each pressure-flow study, three sequential voids were performed, and quality controlled recordings were analyzed for Q max pQ and p det Q max by the QCC. PROD #1031rectal ultrasound was used to measure the prostate volume. Mean Q max pQ did not change, but p det Q max decreased significantly in the second and third sequential voids. Using the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram definition of obstruction, 125 patients (67%) were classified as obstructed from the first void, but only 111 patients (59%) from the third void. The agreement between the investigator assessment and that of a single blinded reader was good.There was no significant correlation between p det Q max and patient age, IPSS, and Q max , whereas a modest correlation was found between p det Q max and prostate volume. In summary, there was no significant change in Q max pQ, but p det Q max decreased for the three consecutive voids, which can be explained by a decrease in outlet resistance. The agreement between the investigator and QCC interpretations shows the value of a standardized technique, supporting the feasibility of multicenter urodynamic studies. There is a modest, but statistically significant, correlation between detrusor pressure and prostate size, supporting the hypothesis that prostate size is a contributing factor in symptomatic BPH. Neurourol.

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Twelve patients with ureteral diverticula encountered in a 25-year period are presented. Although the potential for the development of such lesions may arise from congenital maldevelopments, we believe that in the natural history much depends on the abnormal hydrodynamic states that may be acquired in childhood or adult life. Ureteral diverticula are frequently asymptomatic, requiring no treatment.