The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has increased in recent decades, worldwide. Evidence on the negative impacts of food processing on health outcomes has also been steadily increasing. The aim of this study is to describe changes in consumption patterns of ultra-processed foods in the Spanish population over time and their geographical variability. Data from four representative cohorts of the Spanish population were used (1991–1996–2004–2008). Dietary information was collected using a validated frequency questionnaire and categorized using the NOVA classification. A total increase of 10.8% in UPF consumption between 1991 and 2008 was found in Spain (p-value < 0.001). The products contributing most to UPF consumption were sugar-sweetened beverages, processed meats, dairy products, and sweets. Those who consumed more ultra-processed foods were younger (p-value < 0.001) and female (p-value = 0.01). Significant differences between the different geographical areas of Spain were found. The eastern part of Spain was the area with the lowest UPF consumption, whereas the north-western part was the area with the highest increase in UPF consumption. Given the negative effect that the consumption of ultra-processed foods has on health, it is necessary to implement public health policies to curb this increase in UPF consumption.
Primary mitochondrial myopathies (PMM) are a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous group that, in some cases, may manifest exclusively as fatigue and exercise intolerance, with minimal or no signs on examination. On these occasions, the symptoms can be confused with the much more common chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Nonetheless, other possibilities must be excluded for the final diagnosis of CFS, with PMM being one of the primary differential diagnoses. For this reason, many patients with CFS undergo extensive studies, including extensive genetic testing and muscle biopsies, to rule out this possibility. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) as a potential biomarker to distinguish which patient with chronic fatigue has a mitochondrial disorder. We studied 34 adult patients with symptoms of fatigue and exercise intolerance with a definitive diagnosis of PMM (7), CFS (22), or other non-mitochondrial disorders (5). The results indicate that GDF-15 can accurately discriminate between patients with PMM and CFS (AUC = 0.95) and between PMM and patients with fatigue due to other non-mitochondrial disorders (AUC = 0.94). Therefore, GDF-15 emerges as a promising biomarker to select which patients with fatigue should undergo further studies to exclude mitochondrial disease.
Background Elderly patients with COVID-19 are among the most numerous populations being admitted in the ICU due to its high mortality rate and high comorbidity incidence. An early severity risk stratification at hospital admission could help optimize ICU usage towards those more vulnerable and critically ill patients. Methods Of 503 Spanish patients aged>64 years admitted in the ICU between 26 Feb and 02 Nov 2020 in two Spanish hospitals, we included 193 quality-controlled patients. The subphenotyping combined PCA and t-SNE dimensionality reduction methods to maximize non-linear correlation and reduce noise among age and full blood count tests (FBC) at hospital admission, followed by hierarchical clustering. Findings We identified five subphenotypes (Eld-ICU-COV19 clusters) with heterogeneous FBC patterns associated to significantly disparate 30-day ICU mortality rates ranging from 2% in a healthy cluster to 44% in a severe cluster, along three moderate clusters. Interpretations To our knowledge, this is the first study using age and FBC at hospital admission to early stratify the risk of death in ICU at 30 days in elderly patients. Our results provide guidance to comprehend the phenotypic classification and disparate severity patterns among elderly ICU patients with COVID-19, based only on age and FBC, that have the potential to establish target groups for early risk stratification or early triage systems to provide personalized treatments or aid the decision-making during resource allocation process for each target Eld-ICU-COV19 cluster, especially in those circumstances with resource scarcity problem. Funding FONDO SUPERA COVID-19 by CRUE-Santander Bank grant SUBCOVERWD-19. Research in context Evidence before this study We searched on PubMed and Google Scholar using the search terms “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV2”, “phenotypes” for research published between 2020 to 2022, with no language restriction, to detect any published study identifying and characterizing phenotypes among ICU COVID-19 patients. A previous COVID-19 phenotyping study found three phenotypes from hospitalized patients associated with significantly disparate 30-day mortality rates (ranging from 2·5 to 60·7%). However, it seems to become harder to find phenotypes with discriminative mortality rates among ICU COVID-19 patients. For example, we found one study that uncovered two phenotypes from 39 ICU COVID-19 patients based on biomarkers with 39% and 63% mortality rates, but such difference was not statistically significant. We also found another study with more success that uncovered two ICU COVID-19 phenotypes using two different trajectories with somehow disparate 28-day mortality rates of 27% versus 37% (Ventilatory ratio trajectories) and of 25% versus 39% (mechanical power trajectories). Added value of this study To our knowledge, this is the first study that uses age and laboratory results at hospital admission (i.e., before ICU admission) in elderly patients to early stratify, prior ICU admission, the risk of death in ICU at 30 days. We classified 193 patients with COVID-19, based on age and ten Full Blood Count (FBC) tests, into five subphenotypes (one healthy, three moderate, and one severe) that showed significantly disparate 30-day ICU mortality rates from 2% to 44%. Implications of all the available evidence Identifying, from elderly ICU patients with COVID-19 (Eld-ICU-COV19), subphenotypes could spur further investigation to analyze the potential differences in their underlying disease mechanisms, acquire better phenotypical understanding among Eld-ICU-COV19 toward better decision-making in distributing the limited resources (including both logistic and medical) as well as shedding light on tailoring personalized treatment for each specific target subgroup in future medical research and clinical trial.
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