Numerous curricula and programs have been developed to foster the self-determination of youth with disabilities. Virtually all are rooted in mainstream U.S. values, leading to questions of their relevance and efficacy for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) youth who hold different values. To help fill a research gap on cultural influences on self-determination, a focus group methodology was used to explore the perceptions of a diverse range of youth with emotional and/or behavioral disorders, parents, and teachers, totaling 122 participants in Hawaii and Washington, DC. Transcript analysis identified a variety of cultural themes. However, individual variability within ethnic groups underlines the need to adhere to the principle of individualization when promoting self-determination.

Youth with disabilities are less likely to enroll in and complete postsecondary education programs and transition to employment than their non-disabled peers, and this is especially so for those from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. To help provide insight into factors influencing the transition process, a multi-site study was conducted using survey interviews, focus groups, and case studies, with a focus on CLD youth with disabilities. The importance of mentoring emerged as a consistent theme. Most participants cited informal men- tors as role models and key motivators for gaining the social, academic, and career supports needed for success. They identified the relationships of individuals who served as mentors and what they did that helped them gain fresh perspectives and take steps toward personal, academic, and career goals. The insights gained from the re- search

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Vladimir Skulachev’s coining of the term “phenoptosis” 25 years ago (Skulachev, V. P., Biochemistry (Moscow), 62, 1997) highlighted the theoretical possibility that aging is a programmed process to speed the exit of individuals posing some danger to their social group. While rapid “acute phenoptosis” might occur at any age (e.g., to prevent spread of deadly infections), “slow phenoptosis” is generally considered to occur later in life in the form of chronic age-related disorders. However, recent research indicates that risks for such chronic disorders can be greatly raised by early life adversity, especially during the prenatal stage. Much of this research uses indicators of biological aging, the speeding or slowing of natural physiological deterioration in response to environmental inputs, leading to divergence from chronological age. Studies using biological aging indicators commonly find it is accelerated not only in older individuals with chronic disorders, but also in very young individuals with health problems. This review will explain how accelerated biological aging equates to slow phenoptosis. Its occurrence even in the prenatal stage is theoretically supported by W. D. Hamilton’s proposal that offsprings detecting they have dangerous mutations should then automatically speed their demise, in order to improve their inclusive fitness by giving their parents the chance to produce other fitter siblings.