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Based on this case series, all teeth, and particularly the incisors, should be examined for signs of gingivitis and hypercementosis and subsequently radiographed for an early diagnosis and management. When compared with our hospital population, older geldings were more likely to be affected with cementoma formation and its accompanying resorptive process. Removal of clinically and radiographically affected teeth carries a good prognosis for improved quality of life.

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The lac carrier protein of Escherichia coli was purified by an improved procedure and its activity assayed by a rapid filter method. Following reconstitution of the carrier by octyl glucoside dilution, proteoliposomes were concentrated by filtration on a microporous filter. Lactose accumulation by adsorbed or entrapped proteoliposomes is driven by an artificially imposed pH gradient (interior alkaline), by a membrane potential (interior negative), or by a combination of both forces. Activity is almost completely abolished by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone or by the competitive inhibitor thiodigalactoside. Addition of lactose to proteoliposomes under appropriate conditions results in alkalinization of the external medium. This effect is not observed with liposomes devoid of lac carrier or in the presence of proton conducting agents. The results provide a strong indication that the lac gamma gene product is the only protein in the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli required for lactose-proton symport.

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Summary Background Post‐operative complications are reported for all methods of equine cheek tooth extraction but not all methods carry the same risks. An outcome comparison for commonly used methods is needed so that clinicians can make informed treatment decisions. Objectives We conducted a side‐by‐side comparison of five cheek tooth extraction methods, comparing types and incidence of complications among oral extraction, tooth repulsion (three surgical approaches) and lateral buccotomy techniques. Study design Retrospective clinical study using hospital medical records. Methods Medical records of all horses undergoing cheek tooth extraction between 1997 and 2013 were reviewed. Logistic regression was used to determine the likelihood of various post‐operative complications, comparing oral extraction, tooth repulsion by maxillary and mandibular trephination or maxillary sinus bone flap, and lateral buccotomy. Results The study included 137 horses and 162 cheek teeth extractions. Oral extraction was successful in 71% of patients in which it was attempted. Oral extraction (n = 55) had the lowest incidence of complications (20%) and repulsion by sinus bone flap (n = 20) the highest (80%). Complication rates for repulsion by maxillary (n = 19) and mandibular trephination (n = 28), and extraction by lateral buccotomy (n = 15) were 42, 54 and 53%, respectively. Cheek tooth repulsion by sinus bone flap significantly increased the odds of damage to adjacent teeth, post‐operative sinusitis, damage to alveolar bone, delayed alveolar granulation and orosinus fistulation. Repulsion by maxillary trephination significantly increased the odds of superficial incisional surgical site infection; and extraction by lateral buccotomy significantly increased the odds of facial nerve neuropraxia. Post‐operative pyrexia was more common in all repulsion methods. Main limitations Some clinically relevant differences may have been missed due to small group numbers in several categories. Conclusions Oral extraction was associated with fewer post‐operative complications than any other methods. Standing oral extraction remains the preferred choice, and recent surgical advances promise to further improve its success rate.

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