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The hypothesis is examined that concentrations of regional stress in or near mafic intrusions in the felsic continental plate may cause nearby seismicity. If the intrusions are stiffer than the plate, stress concentrations of only 20 or 30 percent above regional values are likely, but intrusions which have been weakened (as by serpentinization) may concentrate stresses more than 200 percent above the regional values. Pockets of seismicity may then occur in the continental plate near the intrusive.

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Seismological simulations show how energy from a large impact can be coupled to the interior of the Earth. The radially diverging shock wave generated by the impact decays to linearly elastic seismic waves. These waves reconverge (minus attenuation) along the axis of symmetry between the impact and its antipode. The locations that experience the most strain cycles with the largest amplitudes will dissipate the most energy and have the largest increases in temperature at a given depth (for a given attenuation efficiency). We have shown that the locus of maximum energy deposition in the mantle lies along the impact-antipodal axis. Moreover, the most intense focusing is within the asthenosphere at the antipode, over the range of depths where mechanical energy is most readily converted to heat. We suggest that if large impacts on the Earth leave geological evidence anywhere other than the impact site itself, it will be at the antipode. Strong axial focusing also occurs directly beneath the impact site and should be considered in models of impact-induced volcanism.

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PURPOSE: Temporary COVID-19 guideline recommendations have recently been issued to expand the use of colony-stimulating factors in patients with cancer with intermediate to high risk for febrile neutropenia (FN). We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of primary prophylaxis (PP) with biosimilar filgrastim-sndz in patients with intermediate risk of FN compared with secondary prophylaxis (SP) over three different cancer types. METHODS: A Markov decision analytic model was constructed from the US payer perspective over a lifetime horizon to evaluate PP versus SP in patients with breast cancer, non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Cost-effectiveness was evaluated over a range of willingness-to-pay thresholds for incremental cost per FN avoided, life year gained, and quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Sensitivity analyses evaluated uncertainty. RESULTS: Compared with SP, PP provided an additional 0.102-0.144 LYs and 0.065-0.130 QALYs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ranged from $5,660 in US dollars (USD) to $20,806 USD per FN event avoided, $5,123 to $31,077 USD per life year gained, and $7,213 to $35,563 USD per QALY gained. Over 1,000 iterations, there were 73.6%, 99.4%, and 91.8% probabilities that PP was cost-effective at a willingness to pay of $50,000 USD per QALY gained for breast cancer, NSCLC, and NHL, respectively. CONCLUSION: PP with a biosimilar filgrastim (specifically filgrastim-sndz) is cost-effective in patients with intermediate risk for FN receiving curative chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer, NSCLC, and NHL. Expanding the use of colony-stimulating factors for patients may be valuable in reducing unnecessary health care visits for patients with cancer at risk of complications because of COVID-19 and should be considered for the indefinite future.

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