Four-dimensional spacetime, together with a natural generalisation to extra dimensions, is obtained through an analysis of the structures and symmetries deriving from possible arithmetic expressions for one-dimensional time. On taking the infinitesimal limit this simple one-dimensional structure can be consistently equated with a homogeneous form of arbitrary dimension possessing both spacetime and more general symmetries. An extended 4-dimensional manifold, with the associated spacetime symmetry, provides a natural breaking mechanism for a higher-dimensional form and symmetry of time. It will be described how this symmetry breaking leads to a series of distinct properties of the Standard Model of particle physics, deriving directly from the natural mathematical development of the theory.
Models with two right-handed neutrinos are able to accommodate solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation observations as well as a mechanism for the baryon asymmetry of the universe. While economical in terms of the required new states beyond the Standard Model, given that there are three generations of the other leptons and quarks this raises the question concerning why only two right-handed neutrino states should exist. Here we develop from first principles a fundamental unification scheme based upon a direct generalisation and analysis of a simple proper time interval with a structure beyond that of local 4-dimensional spacetime and further augmenting that of models with extra spatial dimensions. This theory leads to properties of matter fields that resemble the Standard Model, with an intrinsic left-right asymmetry which is particularly marked for the neutrino sector. It will be shown how the theory can provide a foundation for the natural incorporation of two right-handed neutrinos and may in principle underlie firm predictions both in the neutrino sector and for other new physics beyond the Standard Model. While connecting with contemporary and future experiments the origins of the theory are motivated in a similar spirit as for the earliest unified field theories.
The District of Columbia’s Department of Transportation and Office of Planning recently led a research effort to understand how parking utilization in multifamily residential buildings is related to neighborhood and building characteristics. Prior research has shown that the overbuilding of residential parking leads to increased automobile ownership, vehicle miles traveled, and congestion. Parking availability can affect travel mode choices and decrease the use of transportation alternatives. In addition, zoning regulations requiring supplies of parking that exceed demand can increase housing costs and inhibit the development of mixed-use, mixed-income, pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods. The primary research goal was to develop an empirical model for parking utilization in Washington, D.C., and to apply the model to an interactive web-based tool, named ParkRight DC, to support and guide parking supply decisions. A transparent, data-driven process for parking supply decisions may help relieve problems associated with over- or undersupply of parking. This paper outlines the data collection, model-development process, functionality of the resulting tool, and findings on key relationships and policy implications. The model and the associated tool rely on local information reflecting residential development and automobile ownership patterns drawn from a survey of multifamily residential parking use at 115 buildings covering approximately 20,000 dwelling units in the District of Columbia. The resulting model achieved an R2-value of .835, which indicates a strong model, given the complexity of the relationship being researched.
The construction industry is facing growing pressure to reduce carbon emissions. An important first step is to quantify emissions from construction projects enabling designs to be changed and emissions reduced. Whilst progress has been made in the development of carbon calculation tools, the uptake of these tools has been slow. This paper seeks to understand the reasons for the slow implementation of carbon calculation tools in the construction industry and provide guidance on how to overcome these challenges. We find there are specific issues that prevent tools being used such as data security and usability, but more general issues such as a lack of education or regulation also pose a challenge. Our findings suggest that despite the benefits that can come from using carbon calculation tools to reduce emissions, the use of tools on their own will be insufficient to achieve the needed carbon reduction and wider emissions-related change. Instead, carbon calculation tools need to be looked at within and across construction organisations through training, industry-wide standards and regulations as well as organisation-wide requirements and collaboration. The construction industry has a reputation for being slow to react to change, but if this industry waits for regulation before taking action, then the timescales involved may be too long given the pressing need to reduce emissions now. We recommend that for carbon calculation tools to be successfully integrated, the industry must work together to achieve more immediate change. K E Y W O R D S barriers to change, carbon calculators, carbon management, construction industry, emission reduction, enabling change 1 | INTRODUCTION Climate change is 'the greatest challenge of our time' (Fanelli, 2014, p. 15), and to prevent global average temperature rise exceeding the 1.5 C target set in the Paris Agreement (UN, 2015), a significant reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is needed. An often overlooked sector for achieving such a reduction in carbon emissions is the construction industry. Directly or indirectly, the construction and use of infrastructure assets accounts for over half of the United Kingdom's (UK's) total carbon emissions (Enzer, Manidaki, Radford, & Ellis, 2013) requiring reduction by 50% by 2025 (HM Government, 2013). Although growing attention has focused on how to reduce carbon emissions in this industry, only little change and reduction of emissions has been achieved so far (Xavier, Naveiro,
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