30 female Ss who had been tested for recall and recognition of social and neutral words that were presented incidentally were administered a group form of the Embedded Figures Test. Both recall and recognition of social words were found to be significantly related to field dependence. No such relationship was found for neutral words. Although field-dependent Ss performed significantly more poorly on the focal task than field-independent Ss, recall and recognition was independent of performance on the focal task. It was also found that field-dependent Ss were able to recall more social visual incidental material than neutral visual incidental material.
A conceptualization of field dependence-independence as a motivational orientation reflected in attentional selectivity and autonomic activity was tested using an incidental learning paradigm. 60 Ss assigned to a structured or unstructured condition were exposed to social and neutral incidental material; basal skin resistance was recorded. Results indicated that field-dependent Ss reflect social motivation by high non-specific “arousal” and by learning incidental material of a social nature. Field-independent Ss reflect task motivation by becoming “aroused” in response to specific task requirements and by learning task-relevant incidental material.
PROBLEM Fitts@) has operationalized the idea of self-concept by his development of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS). It is assumed to be a multidimensional description of the self that includes self-perception, self-acceptance, behavior, and several measures of external reference: physical, moral, ethical, personal, family and social self. An additional 10 items taken from the L-Scale of the MMPI are purported to index self-criticism. Although ad hoc theorizing about the dimensions of self-concept is a legitimate and useful procedure for item selection, any procedure for the identification and measurement of attitudinal dimensions must, in the final analysis, be put to an empirical test. Factor analysis appears to be the most appropriate method for empirical identification of attitudinal dimensions.This study reports a factor analysis of the TSCS based upon the responses of lower-class urban psychiatric patients. Although the TSCS assumes invariant dimensions of self-concept across populations, we recognize that the factor structure may vary with disparate samples. METHOD Subjects and ProcedureThe TSCS, which consists of 100 self-descriptive statements, was administered individually on admission to 135 female and 117 male psychiatric patients, of whom 219 were inpatients and the remaining 33 were outpatients, at New York Medical College-Metropolitan Hospital Center. The ethnic distribution was : 117 White, 79 Negro, 54 Puerto Rican, and 2 other. A comparable Spanish form was administered to 9 non-English-speaking 8s. The mean age of the subjects was 34.4 years, SD 13.2. Method of AnalysisTwenty principal component factors were extracted from the item correlation matrix with unities in the diagonals. Following the suggested break in latent roots, 6 factors were rotated by means of a Varimax solution and accounted for 35.6% of the variance. Assignment to factors proceeded on the basis of the highest loading (provided it exceeded .30) and low loadings on the other factors. Some few exceptions were made to this general 'rule after the manner of what Cattell calls "watch making". The items assigned to each factor and their loadings are presented in Table 1.' RESULTSFactor 1, which is composed of 27 items and accounts for 14.5% of the variance, clearly represents positive self-evaluation. It contains expressions of satisfaction with one's self across wide areas of functioning, including social, moral, religious and interpersonal behavior. Also included in this factor are reports of competence and responsibility in various areas of living. It might be expected that scores on this factor would be significantly related to the personality construct which is commonly called "ego strength", i.e., freedom from symptoms with fairly adequate defenses, socially appropriate behavior, adaptability under stress, and the capacity for forming close interpersonal relationships.
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