[1] Although most paleomagnetic and environmental magnetic papers incorporate a Day plot of the hysteresis parameters M rs /M s versus H cr /H c , a comprehensive theory covering superparamagnetic (SP), single-domain (SD), pseudo-single-domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) (titano)magnetites is lacking. There is no consensus on how to quantify grain-size trends within the Day plot, how to distinguish MD from SP trends/mixtures, or whether magnetite, titanomagnetites, and other minerals have distinctive trends by which they might be identified. This paper develops the theory of the Day plot parameters for MD, MD + SD, PSD, and SP + SD grains of titanomagnetite (Fe 3 -x Ti x O 4 ) with compositions x = 0 (TM0 or magnetite) and x = 0.6 (TM60). MD grains have a separate trend that intersects the curve for SD + MD mixtures. SP + SD mixtures generate a variety of trends, depending on the SP grain size. All SP + SD curves lie much above those for MD or SD + MD trends, as has been proposed, but not demonstrated, previously. Data for PSD-size magnetites of many different origins fall along a single trend, but different levels of internal stress shift points for similar grain sizes along the ''master curve.'' In order to use the Day plot to determine grain size, one must have independent information about the state of internal stress. Theoretical model curves for SD + MD mixtures match the PSD magnetite and TM60 data quite well, although the SD!MD transition region in grain size is much narrower for TM60 than for magnetite. The agreement between PSD data and SD + MD mixing curves implies that PSD behavior is due to superimposed independent SD and MD moments, either in individual or separate grains, and not to exotic micromagnetic structures such as vortices. The theory also matches M rs and H c values in mechanical mixtures of very fine and very coarse grains, although nonlinear mixing theory is required to explain some H cr and H cr /H c data.INDEX TERMS: 1540

In glucocorticoid-treated rat thymocytes and the murine lymphoid cell lines L5178 and S49 the morphology of apoptosis is associated with chromatin cleavage. The cleavage is at internucleosomal sites, apparently through activation of an endogenous endonuclease. In variants of the cell lines selected for resistance to glucocorticoid, neither apoptosis nor chromatin cleavage were observed after steroid treatment, and steroid receptors were undetectable. In thymocytes, both the morphological changes of apoptosis and chromatin cleavage were inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D. The calcium-magnesium ionophore A23187 induced apoptosis and chromatin cleavage in thymocytes, and these effects were also inhibited by cycloheximide. The data confirm that the condensed chromatin which characterizes apoptosis morphologically consists of endogenously digested chromatin fragments. They also provide support for the view that at least some cells enter apoptosis by a process dependent upon macromolecular synthesis.

A score based on the combination of the systemic inflammatory response and albumin hazards ratio (HR) 1.70, 95% CI 1.23 -2.35, P ¼ 0.001) was comparable in prognostic value to that based on stage and performance status (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.12 -1.95, P ¼ 0.006) in patients with inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. The former is simple to measure and well standardised.

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[1] New theoretical curves relating the hysteresis parameters M rs /M s and H cr /H c for single-domain (SD), superparamagnetic (SP), pseudo-single-domain (PSD), and multidomain (MD) grains and their mixtures are applied to published data for natural materials. The Day plot of M rs /M s versus H cr /H c has been used to crudely classify samples into box-like SD, PSD, and MD (or sometimes incorrectly, MD + SP) regions with arbitrary boundaries. New type curves for MD, PSD/SD + MD, and SD + SP grains and mixtures permit more subtle and precise modeling. The predicted MD trend and its junction with the PSD trend are observed in two data sets: for magnetite spherules from carbonate rocks and for temperature-varying hysteresis results spanning the Verwey transition. The latter data are the basis of a suggested new method for pinpointing the PSD-MD threshold size. Selected data for pottery clays, soils, and paleosols generally follow SD + MD type curves and indicate intermediate-size PSD magnetite with narrow to broad size distributions. A lake sediment section with known grain-size progression tracks in the predicted sense along the SD + MD trend. Selected data for glaciomarine and pelagic sediments are also generally compatible with SD + MD trends. Examples of remagnetized carbonate rocks, submarine basaltic glasses, and glassy rims of pillow basalts all follow predicted SP + SD or SP + PSD mixing curves, with a large range in volume fraction of SP grains (0-75%) but a narrow range of SP particle sizes: 10 ± 2 nm. Larger SP grains spanning the range to SD size (25 -30 nm) are absent for unknown reasons. Oceanic dolerites, gabbros, and serpentinized peridotites in some cases fall in a novel region of the Day plot, parallel to but below magnetite SD + MD mixing curves.

Rock Magnetism, first published in 1997, is a comprehensive treatment of fine particle magnetism and the magnetic properties of rocks. Starting from atomic magnetism and magnetostatic principles, the authors explain why domains and micromagnetic structures form in ferromagnetic crystals and how these lead to magnetic memory in the form of thermal, chemical and other remanent magnetizations. The phenomenal stability of these magnetizations, providing a record of plate tectonic motions over millions of years, is explained by thermal activation theory. One chapter is devoted to practical tests of domain state and paleomagnetic stability; another deals with pseudo-single-domain magnetism. The final four chapters place magnetism in the context of igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic, and extraterrestrial rocks. This book will be of great value to graduate students and researchers in geophysics and geology, particularly in paleomagnetism and rock magnetism, as well as physicists and electrical engineers interested in fine-particle magnetism and magnetic recording.

The value of an inflammation-based prognostic score (GPS) was compared with performance status (ECOG) in patients (n ¼ 109) receiving platinum-based chemotherapy for inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. On multivariate analysis with ECOG, white cell count and the GPS entered as covariates, only the GPS was a significant independent predictor of survival (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.25 -2.84, P ¼ 0.002). Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cause of cancer death in North America and Western Europe. Most patients present with advanced inoperable disease; the prognosis of these patients is extremely poor. In selected patients, platinum-based regimens have been shown to have a beneficial but modest impact on survival (Klastersky and Paesmans, 2001). Conventionally, the selection of patients for chemotherapy has been based on clinicopathological criteria, including age, stage and performance status (Numico et al, 2001).There is increasing evidence that the presence of a systemic inflammatory response, as evidenced by elevated circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein concentrations, is associated with early recurrence and poor survival, independent of stage, in a variety of common solid tumours (Ikeda et al, 2003;McMillan et al, 2003). In advanced disease, an elevated C-reactive protein has also been shown to associated with poor survival (O'Gorman et al, 2000;Mahmoud and Rivera, 2002).Furthermore, in an unselected cohort of patients with inoperable NSCLC, the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), a cumulative prognostic score based on C-reactive protein and albumin, had similar prognostic value to that of stage and performance status (Forrest et al, 2003). The question of whether the GPS would be useful in the selection of appropriate treatment for patients with inoperable NSCLC remains to be determined.The aim of the present study was to assess the value of the GPS in patients receiving chemotherapy for inoperable NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study designPatients presenting with inoperable NSCLC (stages III and IV) to a single multidisciplinary oncology clinic in Glasgow Royal Infirmary between March 2000 and June 2003 were studied prospectively. All patients had cytologically or histologically confirmed disease and were staged on the basis of clinical findings, chest X-ray and, where appropriate, bronchoscopy, liver ultrasound, isotope bone scan and computerised tomography of the thorax, according to the American Thoracic Society TNM classification (Mountain, 1991).Clinical stage, tumour type and performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG) were recorded at the time of diagnosis. A blood sample was also obtained for the measurement of white cell count, albumin and C-reactive protein concentrations. Patients received between one and six cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy.The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Glasgow Royal Infirmary. MethodsBlood parameters: Routine laboratory measurements of albumin and C-reactive protein concentration were carried out. The coeffic...

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