Abstract. This paper presents a model for simulating cultural differences in the conversational behavior of virtual agents. The model provides parameters for differences in proxemics, gaze and overlap in turn taking. We present a review of literature on these factors and show results of a study where native speakers of North American English, Mexican Spanish and Arabic were asked to rate the realism of the simulations generated based on different cultural parameters with respect to their culture.
In two-alternative discrimination tasks, experimenters usually randomize the location of the rewarded stimulus so that systematic behavior with respect to irrelevant stimuli can only produce chance performance on the learning curves. One way to achieve this is to use random numbers derived from a discrete binomial distribution to create a 'full random training schedule' (FRS). When using FRS, however, sporadic but long laterally-biased training sequences occur by chance and such 'input biases' are thought to promote the generation of laterally-biased choices (i.e., 'output biases'). As an alternative, a 'Gellerman-like training schedule' (GLS) can be used. It removes most input biases by prohibiting the reward from appearing on the same location for more than three consecutive trials. The sequence of past rewards obtained from choosing a particular discriminative stimulus influences the probability of choosing that same stimulus on subsequent trials. Assuming that the long-term average ratio of choices matches the long-term average ratio of reinforcers, we hypothesized that a reduced amount of input biases in GLS compared to FRS should lead to a reduced production of output biases. We compared the choice patterns produced by a 'Rational Decision Maker' (RDM) in response to computer-generated FRS and GLS training sequences. To create a virtual RDM, we implemented an algorithm that generated choices based on past rewards. Our simulations revealed that, although the GLS presented fewer input biases than the FRS, the virtual RDM produced more output biases with GLS than with FRS under a variety of test conditions. Our results reveal that the statistical and temporal properties of training sequences interacted with the RDM to influence the production of output biases. Thus, discrete changes in the training paradigms did not translate linearly into modifications in the pattern of choices generated by a RDM. Virtual RDMs could be further employed to guide the selection of proper training schedules for perceptual decision-making studies.
Three 46,XY unrelated individuals out of 84 postpubertal male inpatients with severe mental deficiency in a psychiatric hospital were found to have megalorchidia and macrogenitosomia. One of the cases had a similarly affected brother. Endocrine studies were performed in two of the cases with similar results. Normal plasma levels of pituitary gonadotropins were found. A normal testicular function was demonstrated by the finding of normal: (a) baseline plasma testosterone levels and a significant rise following human chorionic gonadotropin administration, (b) sperm analysis, and (c) morphology and cell architecture of the testes. These results were compatible with normofunctional testicular hyperplasia confirming previous observations and allowing the definite individualization of a syndrome with mental deficiency probably due to an X-linked recessive mutation.
Near Field Communications (NFC) is a 13.56 MHz for example, delivering a sequence of signals that disrupt a inductively coupled power delivery and communication protocol seizure. that extends the ISO 14443 RFID standard. Low cost NFC Should substantial computation be required (e.g. for signal scanner subsystems are anticipated to be widely incorporated in coming generations of commodity cellular phones. processing),eNF can provide a data communication link toWe consider the potential of this emerging infrastructure external computers thatpotentially have largerpowerbudgets to provide convenient and low cost power distribution and than practical for implanted and/or field-powered devices. communication channels for a range of medical devices. For NFC data links can also be used to coordinate the behavior example, an NFC device within a cell phone could relay of several cooperative systems (e.g. components that measure measurements collected from a defibrillator-pacemaker to a monitoring physician, remotely control an insulin pump, or glCos and compone tha dins inin).activate an implanted neural simulation system.NFC is also suitable for providing communication for self-NFC devices pose similar bio-compatibility challenges to powered devices. Potential applications include collection of other implanted electronics without requiring the provisioning historical data from and setting of operating parameters for of battery power to support communication. Furthermore, an ICDs (internal cardiac defibrillators) [18]. In such configura-NFC communication subsystem's power-independence provides tions NFC communication subsystems may be field-powered a measure of defense against potential denial-of-service attacks ' .. . that consume power in order to discharge a capacity-limited and thus not Impose any additonal drain on limited battery power source.resources.The 13.56 MHz band has minimal interaction with human Direct internal electrical stimulation has been identified and animal tissues. We conducted several successful proof-of-as useful for a variety of medical conditions. This family concept experiments communicating with with ISO 14443 tags of applications is particularly well suited for NFC since this implanted at multiple locations within a human cadaver.Magnetic field strength decays with the cube of distance-to-stiution reqisdvery sallamunsofcenergytha Can antenna, limiting limits the range of potential eavesdroppers. potentially be provided by batteries recharged via NFC [11].At present, NFC protocols do not provide an appropriate set of Furthermore, NFC can be used to adjust operating parameters privacy properties for implanted medical applications. However, after implantation. Potential applications of implanted NFC NFC devices are implemented using embedded general purpose for stimulation include: processors and thus only software modifications would be required to support protocol extensions with enhanced privacy. * Direct mitigation of chronic pain through the use of spinal chord stimulation (see [9], [4]), I....
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