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The spatial effects of vegetation control on early tree growth were investigated in central Alberta, Canada, for four years after the establishment of hybrid poplar plantations including the two clones Walker (Populus deltoides × (P. laurifolia × P. nigra)) and its progeny Okanese (Walker × (P. laurifolia × P. nigra)). Tree survival and growth, herbaceous vegetation cover, soil nutrient availability, moisture, temperature, and light availability were assessed. Tree growth in the first two years after establishment was improved through selective in-row vegetation control close (within 50 cm) to trees for both aboveground (mechanical) and above-and below-ground (chemical) control. This was associated with increased light availability for trees. In contrast, growth in the third and fourth years benefitted from control of aboveground vegetation within 140 cm of the stem, and this was associated with increased nutrient availability. These findings suggest that the effects of neighbouring vegetation on trees shift from aboveground competition near the tree stem to belowground competition further (>50 cm) away; thus betweenrow vegetation control is more important starting in the third year after establishment. Okanese outperformed Walker poplar across all treatments and was more responsive to vegetation control, reflecting its superior performance, higher plasticity, and greater potential for short-rotation intensive-culture plantations.

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