OBJECTIVES. Most studies of risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rely heavily on retrospective self-reports. The degree to which these reports provide reliable information has received little research attention. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which the reliability of retrospective self-report data is affected over time. METHODS. Data were examined from a longitudinal study of risk behaviors among injection drug users. Structured interviews were administered to 366 injection drug users who were asked to recall behaviors that they had reported 6, 12, or 18 months earlier. RESULTS. Kappa coefficients showed moderate initial memory loss for injection and sexual risk behaviors. After 6 months, time had little effect on the ability of injection drug users to recall injection and sexual risk behaviors. For ordinal measures of risk, subjects who gave different reports over time were most likely to disagree by one response category. CONCLUSIONS. These findings support the use of retrospective self-reports in assessing HIV risk behaviors among injection drug users. Retrospective inquiry is likely to remain an important method for collecting data over time.

In recent years a step change has been seen in the rate of adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies by manufacturers and industrial organizations alike. This paper discusses the current state of the art in the adoption of industry 4.0 technologies within the construction industry. Increasing complexity in onsite construction projects coupled with the need for higher productivity is leading to increased interest in the potential use of industry 4.0 technologies. This paper discusses the relevance of the following key industry 4.0 technologies to construction: data analytics and artificial intelligence; robotics and automation; buildings information management; sensors and wearables; digital twin and industrial connectivity. Industrial connectivity is a key aspect as it ensures that all Industry 4.0 technologies are interconnected allowing the full benefits to be realized. This paper also presents a research agenda for the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies within the construction sector; a three-phase use of intelligent assets from the point of manufacture up to after build and a four staged R&D process for the implementation of smart wearables in a digital enhanced construction site.

OBJECTIVES. A nested case-control study was conducted in Miami, Fla, to determine risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion among injection drug users. METHODS. The study identified 21 incident cases of HIV-1 infection and 76 unmatched controls from two longitudinal cohorts of injection drug users. One cohort consisted of individuals who originally had been recruited from treatment centers; a second cohort was recruited from the "street." Logistic regression analyses that adjusted for age, gender, and race were performed. RESULTS. The final model determined that the primary independent risk factor that best explained the risk for seroconversion was sharing injection equipment in the year prior to conversion; a marginal risk factor was presence of sexually transmitted disease during this same period. CONCLUSIONS. Both an injection component and a sexual component play a role in seroconversion among injection drug users, although the injection component is much stronger.

The current research assessed Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs, sexual behaviour, and drug use practices in 123 heterosexual IDUs (62 men and 61 women) who were seronegative for HIV. Results indicated that HBM variables significantly explained 25% of the variance in condom usage in IDU men. Higher reports of condom usage were associated with negative attitudes related to condom discomfort, inconvenience, and acceptance; positive attitudes related to perceptions of condoms as adding excitement to sex; positive attitudes regarding condom efficacy and lower perceived susceptibility for AIDS. Alcohol, marijuana, and methadone usage explained an additional 21% of the variance in condom usage with alcohol use contributing positively to condom use while the other substances had negative contributions. HBM constructs did not significantly explain the variance in other risk behaviours in this group, however, control variables contributed to significant proportions of the variance in risky practices. HBM components did not significantly explain any of the variance in the sexual behaviours of IDU women, but demographic variables and substance use behaviours contributed to the variance in a number of sexual practices in this group. Based upon these findings, implications for clinical intervention are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of self-reported job satisfaction andmotivation among teachers in the Bahamas and Jamaica. A total of 168 Bahamian (n =75) andJamaican (n = 93) teachers completed the Teacher Motivation and Job Satisfaction Survey.Overall results indicate that teachers in the Bahamas reported higher levels of job satisfaction ascompared to teachers in Jamaica. Other findings relating to job satisfaction and motivation arediscussed, and various aspects of job satisfaction are discussed in relationship to the principlesof Invitational Education.