The diversity of fungi in grape must and during wine fermentation was investigated in this study by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Carignan and Grenache grapes were harvested from three vineyards in the Priorat region (Spain) in 2012, and nine samples were selected from the grape must after crushing and during wine fermentation. From culture-dependent techniques, 362 isolates were randomly selected and identified by 5.8S-ITS-RFLP and 26S-D1/D2 sequencing. Meanwhile, genomic DNA was extracted directly from the nine samples and analyzed by qPCR, DGGE and massive sequencing. The results indicated that grape must after crushing harbored a high species richness of fungi with Aspergillus tubingensis, Aureobasidium pullulans, or Starmerella bacillaris as the dominant species. As fermentation proceeded, the species richness decreased, and yeasts such as Hanseniaspora uvarum, Starmerella bacillaris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae successively occupied the must samples. The “terroir” characteristics of the fungus population are more related to the location of the vineyard than to grape variety. Sulfur dioxide treatment caused a low effect on yeast diversity by similarity analysis. Because of the existence of large population of fungi on grape berries, massive sequencing was more appropriate to understand the fungal community in grape must after crushing than the other techniques used in this study. Suitable target sequences and databases were necessary for accurate evaluation of the community and the identification of species by the 454 pyrosequencing of amplicons.

Climate, soil, and grape varieties are the primary characteristics of terroir and lead to the definition of various appellations of origin. However, the microbiota associated with grapes are also affected by these conditions and can leave a footprint in a wine that will be part of the characteristics of terroir. Thus, a description of the yeast microbiota within a vineyard is of interest not only to provide a better understanding of the winemaking process, but also to understand the source of microorganisms that maintain a microbial footprint in wine from the examined vineyard. In this study, two typical grape varieties, Grenache and Carignan, have been sampled from four different vineyards in the DOQ Priorat winegrowing region. Afterward, eight spontaneous alcoholic fermentations containing only grapes from one sampling point and of one variety were conducted at laboratory scale. The fermentation kinetics and yeast population dynamics within each fermentation experiment were evaluated. Yeast identification was performed by RFLP-PCR of the 5.8S-ITS region and by sequencing D1/D2 of the 26S rRNA gene of the isolates. The fermentation kinetics did not indicate clear differences between the two varieties of grapes or among vineyards. Approximately 1,400 isolates were identified, exhibiting high species richness in some fermentations. Of all the isolates studied, approximately 60% belong to the genus Hanseniaspora, 16% to Saccharomyces, and 11% to Candida. Other minor genera, such as Hansenula, Issatchenkia, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomycodes, and Zygosaccharomyces, were also found. The distribution of the identified yeast throughout the fermentation process was studied, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to be present mainly at the end of the fermentation process, while Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated primarily during the first days of fermentation in three of the eight spontaneous fermentations. This work highlights the complexity and diversity of the vineyard ecosystem, which contains yeasts from different species. The description of this yeast diversity will lead to the selection of native microbiota that can be used to produce quality wines with the characteristics of the Priorat.

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Antecedentes y objetivo. En el deporte ya hace varios años se está utilizando la dermatoglifia, como marcador de individualidad biológica, en la predicción de las dotaciones motoras de atletas en diferentes tipos de disciplinas y estos estudios se están usando para seleccionar deportistas con rendimientos sobresalientes. El presente artículo tuvo como objetivo identificar cuáles son los países y deportes en los que más se ha trabajado la dermatoglifia en la última década en América, demostrando los resultados existentes entre los dermatoglifos y las potencialidades físicas para el rendimiento deportivo, así como el uso de su instrumentación. Métodos. La búsqueda incluye publicaciones de acceso abierto, que hubieran sido publicados en América, en la última década (2010 – 2019), en los idiomas inglés, portugués o español. Se utilizaron las siguientes bases de datos (Web of Sciense, Scopus, Ebsco, Scielo, Redalyc, Dialnet, Pubmed y Google Académico). Para la búsqueda de información se definieron varias palabras clave. Resultados. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de búsqueda en diferentes bases de datos, se identificaron 1165 artículos, de los cuales 13 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados muestran que países como Colombia y Brasil son líderes en la publicación en esta temática. Así como, el deporte sobre el que más se ha publicado en la última década es el fútbol. Existe una alta prevalencia del uso tradicional de la dermatoglifia en relación a la tecnología. Se encontró presencia constante de presillas, alto índice de D10 y SQTL, características propias de deportes que necesitan velocidad, agilidad, coordinación y resistencia. Conclusiones. Hacen falta estudios que integren más deportes, con muestras más grandes para ver si se mantiene la relación de los dermatoglifos con las capacidades físicas y el rendimiento deportivo.Abstract. Background and objective. During several years, dermatoglyphics is being used in sports as a marker of biological individuality, for the prediction of athletes’ motor resources in different types of disciplines. These studies are used for selecting athletes with outstanding performances. The aim of this work is to identify the countries and sports in which dermatoglyphics has been used the most in the last decade in America, contrasting the results of dermatoglyphics with physical potential for sports performance, as well as the use of its instrumentation methods. The search includes open access publications, published in America in the last decade (2010 - 2019), in the English, Portuguese, or Spanish languages. The following databases were used: Web of Sciense, Scopus, Ebsco, Scielo, Redalyc, Dialnet, Pubmed, and Google Scholar. Several keywords were used to search for information. Results: a systematic search review was carried out in different databases, by which 1165 articles were identified, 13 of which met the inclusion criteria. The results show that countries like Colombia and Brazil are leaders in publications on this subject. Additionally, the sport with the highest number of publications in this area in the last decade is football. There is a high prevalence of traditional use of dermatoglyphics in relation to technology. Constant presence of loops was found, high index of D10 and SQTL, characteristics of sports that need speed, agility, coordination, and endurance. Conclusions. We need studies that integrate more sports, with larger samples, to assess whether the relationship of dermatoglyphics with physical abilities and sports performance is maintained.