The width of the interface between two immiscible polymers, deuterated polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), has been measured using neutron reflectivity as a function of the thickness of the deuterated polystyrene layer. A logarithmic dependence of interface width on film thickness is observed, characteristic of an interface broadened by thermal induced capillary waves, whose spectrum is cut off by dispersive interactions across the polymer layer. Reasonable agreement is obtained with the results of self-consistent field theory when suitably modified to account for capillary waves, resolving a longstanding discrepancy between theory and experiment. [S0031-9007(97)03096-2]
The detonation nanodiamond is a versatile low‐cost nanomaterial with tunable properties and surface chemistry. In this work, it is shown how the application of nanodiamond (ND) can greatly increase the performance of electrochemically active polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI). Symmetric supercapacitors containing PANI‐ND nanocomposite electrodes with 3–28 wt% ND show dramatically improved cycle stability and higher capacitance retention at fast sweep rate than pure PANI electrodes. Contrary to other PANI‐carbon nanocomposites, specific capacitance of the selected PANI electrodes with embedded ND increases after 10 000 galvanostatic cycles and reaches 640 F g−1, when measured in a symmetric two‐electrode configuration with 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The demonstrated specific capacitance is 3–4 times higher than that of the activated carbons and more than 15 times higher than that of ND and onion‐like carbon (OLC).
The dewetting of thin films of end-functionalized polymers, ω-
and α,ω-barium sulfonato
polystyrenes, on a silicon substrate has been investigated as a
function of initial film thickness, molecular
weight, and functionality of the chains. The lower molecular
weight monofunctional chains are found to
dewet the substrate analogously to normal polystyrene but display an
anomalous flow behavior at the
surface. Moreover, after dewetting, the entire silicon surface
still remains covered by a monolayer of
monofunctional chains. The monolayer consists of a polymer brush
of densely packed tethered chains,
adsorbed via their ionic end groups. The dense packing and special
conformations of the chains in the
brush prevent interpenetration with other polymer chains, and the
unadsorbed macromolecules dewet
the brush. When the molecular weight of the monofunctional chains
is increased, entanglements between
the adsorbed polymer brush and the unadsorbed chains can occur and the
dewetting process is retarded.
Thin films of the difunctional chains do not dewet regardless of
the molecular weight of the chains. The
difference between mono- and difunctional materials is attributed to
ionic aggregation, which is responsible
for thermoreversible cross-linking and stabilization of thicker films
by interaction of aggregates with
dangling ends. It is suggested to use high molecular weight
end-functionalized chains as polymeric
additives to retard thin polymer film dewetting.
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