Epilepsy is a chronic disease experienced by millions and a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality. This review summarizes prevalence and incidence studies of epilepsy that provided a clear definition of epilepsy and could be age-adjusted: requirements if comparisons across studies are to be made. Although few exceptions, age-adjusted prevalence estimates from record-based studies (2.7 to 17.6 per 1000), are lower than those from door-to-door surveys (2.2 to 41.0 per 1000). Age-adjusted incidence ranged from 16 to 51 per 100,000, with one exception in Chile, where incidence was 111 per 100,000. Variation in reported prevalence and incidence may be related to factors such as access to health care, regional environmental exposures, or socioeconomic status. A higher proportion of epilepsy characterized by generalized seizures was reported in most prevalence studies. Epilepsy characterized by partial seizures accounted for 20% to 66% of incident epilepsies. Virtually all prevalence and incidence studies report a preponderance of seizures of unknown cause. Additional prevalence studies are needed in regions where data does not exist, and additional incidence studies in all regions. Interpretation of differences in prevalence and incidence will require understanding of the role of cultural, social and economic factors influencing epilepsy and its care.

Introduction: Among the wide variety of clinical manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a subtle finding, where the reported prevalence ranges from 3-88% due to CD assessment inconsistencies and challenges with SLE correlations. Cognitive dysfunction may also be a cornerstone element for a diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NP-SLE). We present a case of Lupus Cerebritis displaying seizures and oculomotor dysfunctions referred to as Balint Syndrome. To our knowledge, no publications to date have shown a correlation between Lupus Cerebritis and Balint Syndrome. Case Report: A 35-year-old female with a history of lupus, seizures, and migraines presented complaining of a severe headache associated with vomiting. The patient stated the onset of her symptoms was three days prior and had been worsening. While in the emergency room, the patient had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure lasting around 2 minutes at which point neurology was consulted for seizure management. The patient had been seen about a year prior for similar complaints and was started on Keppra to control her epilepsy. The patient was seizure free for about 6 months so Keppra was discontinued. Discussion: A wide array of symptoms are associated with Lupus Cerebritis, which is a rare manifestation following a diagnosis of SLE. Our patient was having seizures and complaints of migraine with severe Balint Syndrome consisting of oculomotor apraxia, optic ataxia, and simultagnosia. Due to some patients’ rapid decline following a diagnosis of SLE and the complex diversity of symptoms, it is crucial to prevent organ failure by treating them immediately, and furthermore, to equip and educate clinicians in identifying atypical presentations. Conclusion: Due to the complexity of autoimmune diseases, patients may present with a plethora of symptomatology, ranging from mild to severe, making a thorough medical history and physical examination imperative elements of a complete workup. Since NP-SLE is a nuanced diagnosis requiring specific management, it is essential to have close follow-ups with neurology.