Rates of hydrolyses of p-nitrophenyl acetate, hexanoate, and octanoate in borate buffer solutions at 30 °C are 2.3-16.5 times faster in the presence of 1.2 mg mL -1 quaternary ammonium ion exchange latex particles than those obtained in water alone. The latexes were constructed by emulsion copolymerization of styrene, butyl methacrylate, or 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate with 25 wt % vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC), 1% divinylbenzene, and 1% styrylmethyl(trimethylammonium chloride) followed by quaternization of the VBC units with either trimethylamine or tributylamine. Analysis of the kinetics as a function of particle concentration, pH, and buffer concentration using an ion-exchange model provided partition coefficients of the p-nitrophenyl esters, intraparticle second-order rate constants, and ion-exchange selectivity coefficients. The major contributors to the enhanced rates are the partition coefficient favoring absorption of the p-nitrophenyl ester into the latex by a factor as large as 90 000 and intraparticle hydroxide concentrations up to 10 times higher than those obtained in the external water. The intraparticle secondorder rate constants differ little from those in water.
A comprehensive monitoring program was conducted to measure the rock mass displacements, support response, and stress changes at a longwall tailgate entry in West Virginia. Monitoring was initiated a few days after development of the gateroad entries and continued during passage of the longwall panels on both sides of the entry. Monitoring included overcore stress measurements of the initial stress within the rock mass, changes in cable bolt loading, standing support pressure, roof deformation, rib deformation, stress changes in the coal pillar, and changes in the full three-dimensional stress tensor within the rock mass at six locations around the monitoring site. During the passage of the first longwall, stress measurements in the rock and coal detected minor changes in loading while minor changes were detected in roof deformation. As a result of the relatively favorable stress and geological conditions, the support systems did not experience severe loading or rock deformation until the second panel approached within 10–15 m of the instrumented locations. After reaching the peak loading at about 50–75 mm of roof sag, the cable bolts started to unload, and load was transferred to the standing supports. The standing support system was able to maintain an adequate opening inby the shields to provide ventilation to the first crosscut inby the face, as designed. The results were used to calibrate modeled cable bolt response to field data, and to validate numerical modeling procedures that have been developed to evaluate entry support systems. It is concluded that the support system was more than adequate to control the roof of the tailgate up to the longwall face location. The monitoring results have provided valuable data for the development and validation of support design strategies for longwall tailgate entries.
A numerical-model-based approach was recently developed for estimating the changes in both the horizontal and vertical loading conditions induced by an approaching longwall face. In this approach, a systematic procedure is used to estimate the model’s inputs. Shearing along the bedding planes is modeled with ubiquitous joint elements and interface elements. Coal is modeled with a newly developed coal mass model. The response of the gob is calibrated with back analysis of subsidence data and the results of previously published laboratory tests on rock fragments. The model results were verified with the subsidence and stress data recently collected from a longwall mine in the eastern United States.
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