Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Weidemann, ‘Medfly’) is currently distributed only in Western Australia. Although occasional detections occur in South Australia and the Northern Territory, they invoke a comprehensive and rapid response to prevent establishment. Medfly previously occurred on the eastern coast of mainland Australia. However, it is believed to have been displaced by Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt, ‘Qfly’), with the last recorded finding of Medfly in 1941 for New South Wales and 1953 in Victoria. Tasmania has not documented any incursions of Medfly since 1920 and the Northern Territory eradicated the last incursion in 1994. In contrast, Qfly is regularly found in parts of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and the Northern Territory. A species closely related to Qfly, B. aquilonis (May), is established in the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia. Occasional detections of Qfly in South Australia and southern Western Australia result in immediate regulatory actions and eradication activities to ensure that it does not become established. South Australia, Tasmania and the Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone are free from fruit flies of economic concern. Any detections of pest fruit fly species in these areas are immediately quarantined and eradicated. The distribution of Qfly has remained largely unchanged for the last half‐century, with established populations along the eastern States and the Northern Territory. The Medfly distribution has also remained unchanged for the last half‐century. Qfly and Medfly do not currently co‐exist in Australia. This is likely because of the differences in egg‐laying habits, competition by larvae in fruit and differences in host range. A similar displacement of Ceratitis by Bactrocera has occurred in other parts of the world.

Testing must reach those at most risk and those less likely to test in order to reduce further the proportion of undiagnosed HIV infection. This study suggests that opportunities to detect infection may be being missed and a move towards universal testing of all MSM attending with a new episode, as well as testing within the window period, is recommended.

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Two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography has shown the presence of 24 phenolic antioxidants in oats, and the present paper deals with the identification of five of these. Two of them have been isolated by column chromatography and characterised. One consists of the homologues, n‐hexacosyl caffeate and n‐octacosyl caffeate (proportions, 3:1, approximately) and the other, 26‐O‐caffeoyl‐26‐hydroxy‐hexa‐cosanoic acid with 28‐O‐caffeoyl‐28‐hydroxyoctacosanoic acid (proportions, 3:1, approximately). Evidence is presented for the probable structures of the remaining three antioxidants, based on two‐way thin‐layer chromatographic comparison with the synthetic ferulates: n‐hexacosyl ferulate, 26‐O‐feruloyl‐26‐hydroxyhexacosanoic acid and hexacosane‐1,26‐diol monoferulate. The preparation of these ferulates is described, and in addition, that of two caffeates, n‐hexacosyl and n‐dodecyl. The antioxidant activities of the above compounds were measured.

Of the antioxidants extracted from oats, 36% (by weight) consists of six compounds which are more strongly adsorbed on to silicic acid than those previously described,1.2 One of these has been isolated by column chromatography. On hydrolysis it yields caffeic acid (2 moles), ferullc acid (1 mole), glycerol mole) and long-chain o-hydroxyacid (1 mole). The w-hydroxyacid fraction contains the homologues, 8 2 2 (5 %), c 2 6 (64 %), and Czs (31 %).The probable structures of the compounds are discussed. IntroductionIn previous work1 24 phenolic antioxidants have been detected in extracts from oats by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (t.1.c.). Eight of these were identified as esters of caffeic or ferulic acids and long-chain mono-alcohols, diols or w-hydroxyacids. These esters comprise the main components numbered I-V in an earlier publication,Z together with three minor components separated from them by improvements in technique.As shown in Fig. 2, of a previous paper,2 a second group of antioxidants, VI and VII, is quantitatively as important as the first group. This second group is resolved into 5 spots, labelled 20-24, on two-dimensional t.1.c.l Preliminary examination has indicated that these antioxidants are probably more complex than those hitherto described. The present work is concerned with the isolation and analysis of the substance corresponding to spot 23.

BackgroundDirect observation of medical students with actual patients is important for the assessment of clinical skills including interviewing and counseling skills. This article describes medical students’ experience of mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX) during their clerkship in consultation psychiatry.Materials and methodsIn our center during inpatient consultation psychiatry clerkship, all rotating students are expected to complete one mini-CEX assessment as part of their clinical training. We conducted retrospective analysis of mini-CEX ratings completed from 2013 to 2016. All evaluations took place at inpatient medical setting in patients admitted with medical conditions and psychiatric comorbidities.ResultsA total of 113 evaluations were reviewed. The time examiner observed the interaction of a student with the patient was 14.24 minutes (mean), and the time spent in providing feedback to the student was 9.71 minutes. Complexity of problem was rated as low in 0.88% (n=1), moderate in 50.44% (n=57), and high in 48.67% (n=55). Highest ratings were for professionalism, similar to previous reports. Total score calculated by examiner showed no difference by the complexity of the patient; however, we observed a trend in higher counseling score for the high complexity group.ConclusionMini-CEX assessment during busy clerkship is feasible with good outcomes. Direct observation of medical trainees with actual patients is important for the assessment of performance-based clinical skills. Hospital psychiatry rotation covering various medical and surgical units offers a great opportunity for exposure in patient communication.

A series of trials, using standard bioassay procedures followed by large-scale export tests, were conducted on five table grape cultivars at 18C, 28C and 38C against the Mediterranean fruit fly (MFF) and the Queensland fruit fly (QFF). MFF was found to be more tolerant to cold treatment than QFF as shown in tests required to achieve complete mortality in !100,000 insects. MFF control was achieved in 16 days at 18C, 18 days at 28C and 20 days at 38C. QFF control was obtained in 12 days at 18C and 14 days at both 28C and 38C. These results provide flexibility for static and in-transit quarantine treatments for export and are an effective alternative to methyl bromide fumigation.

Our objective was to estimate Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) genital infection point prevalence in young male inmates using a non-invasive sampling technique. All new inmates were invited into the study that consisted of a questionnaire and the provision of a urine sample for analysis. The questionnaire asked about personal characteristics, sexual history and symptoms. CT was diagnosed using nucleic acid amplification tests. In all, 13% of new inmates were found to have CT infection. One-fifth of these CT-positive individuals had symptoms of urethral infection. CT prevalence among young male inmates is comparable with results obtained from young women in UK screening programmes. Numerous factors support the integration of CT screening in prisons into the national chlamydia screening programme.