Purpose: Expression profiling studies classified breast carcinomas into estrogen receptor (ER)؉/luminal, normal breast-like, HER2 overexpressing, and basal-like groups, with the latter two associated with poor outcomes. Currently, there exist clinical assays that identify ER؉/luminal and HER2-overexpressing tumors, and we sought to develop a clinical assay for breast basal-like tumors.Experimental Design: To identify an immunohistochemical profile for breast basal-like tumors, we collected a series of known basal-like tumors and tested them for protein patterns that are characteristic of this subtype. Next, we examined the significance of these protein patterns using tissue microarrays and evaluated the prognostic significance of these findings.Results: Using a panel of 21 basal-like tumors, which was determined using gene expression profiles, we saw that this subtype was typically immunohistochemically negative for estrogen receptor and HER2 but positive for basal cytokeratins, HER1, and/or c-KIT. Using breast carcinoma tissue microarrays representing 930 patients with 17.4-year mean follow-up, basal cytokeratin expression was associated with low disease-specific survival. HER1 expression was observed in 54% of cases positive for basal cytokeratins (versus 11% of negative cases) and was associated with poor survival independent of nodal status and size. c-KIT expression was more common in basal-like tumors than in other breast cancers but did not influence prognosis.Conclusions: A panel of four antibodies (ER, HER1, HER2, and cytokeratin 5/6) can accurately identify basallike tumors using standard available clinical tools and shows high specificity. These studies show that many basal-like tumors express HER1, which suggests candidate drugs for evaluation in these patients.

This article argues that US studies of ‘legal consciousness’ have much to offer UK socio‐legal studies. It is, perhaps, surprising that so little attention has been paid to this set of understandings. I seek to rectify that imbalance in the transatlantic relationship by outlining legal consciousness and its critiques. I then draw on homelessness applicant interview data to discuss their ‘legal consciousness’, illustrating the importance of the value of dignity; how they make sense of their decisions; and the spaces in which legal consciousness may be produced. The study is a limited examination, but it enables us to question the assertion that welfare applicants ‘know the law’ and (ab‐)use it.

In this article, we demonstrate how judgecraft, though mundane in the context of housing possession proceedings in England, involves the client-processing mentality suggested in Lipsky's work on street-level bureaucracy. Although they may be regarded as mundane, the consequences of these proceedings may well be dire, producing homelessness and other forms of extreme housing need. Lipsky helps us, because his work enables us to think about the factors that make up `being a District Judge'. Having discussed the background to housing possession proceedings, including their growth, we discuss this client-processing mentality in the context of the ways in which District Judges seek to control their clients as well as processes in the courtroom. Repeat-players are moulded by individual District Judges through routines, discipline, and just knowing what is expected. In particular, crucial decisions are made as to the worthiness of claimants and occupiers. As a result, relationships of trust develop which facilitate a `rubber-stamping' approach. In the conclusion, we reflect on the value of Lipsky's work as well as its limits in this context.

This paper offers an empirical assessment of the potential benefits to housing studies of actor-network theory (ANT). Gabriel & Jacobs' paper in this journal has suggested that certain 'classic' sites of housing studies are being re-imagined by studies within the post-social turn. This paper is an empirical study of the nominations process, through which registered social landlords are enrolled into allocating social housing to households prioritised by local authorities on their housing registers. The study draws on three ANT stories-the nominations agreement, monitoring nominations and exclusions-to demonstrate how human and non-human actors interact. In particular, it considers how agreements, numbers, unsurveyed 'customers', or boxes on forms, talk, who does the talking and the purposes of such talking. The paper concludes with occasionally sceptical observations about the utility of ANT to housing research.

This paper presents and discusses the wind tunnel results obtained during Phase 1 and Phase 2 of the Smart Wing program. A series of four tests was conducted, two in each phase. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the performance of smart material based control effectors in representative aerodynamic environments. In Phase 1, wing twist using a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) torque tube and smoothly contoured trailing edge surfaces enabled by SMA wires were evaluated on a semi-span, 16% scale model of a typical fighter wing. The focus of Phase 2 was to address the design and demonstration of a high-frequency, large-deflection, and smoothly contoured trailing edge control surface capable of a spanwise variation in deflection. The actuation system for this control surface was based on piezoelectric (PZT) ultrasonic motors. A smoothly contoured leading edge control surface was also built and tested using SMA wires. These designs were evaluated on a 30%, full-span model of a representative Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV). In each wind tunnel entry comparisons were made to the performance of conventional control surfaces. Successful results included: improved aileron effectiveness at high dynamic pressures; demonstrated improvements in lateral and longitudinal control effectiveness with smoothly contoured control surfaces over conventional hinged control surfaces; continuous spanwise shape control; and, large deflections at rates over 80°/s, which is well within the desired deflection aileron rates for control of fighter aircraft.