[1] Arrays that detect and locate the four-dimensional spacetime positions of radiation sources from lightning have largely utilized sensors sensitive to the very high frequency (VHF) regime with 15 km baselines or very low frequency/low frequency (VLF/LF) regime with 100 km baselines. This paper details initial results from the newly developed Huntsville Alabama Marx Meter Array (HAMMA), consisting of Marx meters (electric field change meters) sensitive to a frequency band 1 Hz to 400 kHz. The arrival time of HAMMA waveforms due to radiation sources from lightning are used to determine the spacetime position of these sources. The locations are compared with two well-documented and operational arrays, the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and the North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array (NALMA). The standard deviation of the difference between HAMMA and NLDN locations of return strokes is 305 and 266 m in x and y, respectively, while the standard deviation of the difference between HAMMA and NALMA sources is 237, 226, and 688 m in x, y and z, respectively. We further show that NLDN intracloud locations differ in horizontal distance from the corresponding HAMMA locations by a median value of 479 m. In addition, we use HAMMA source locations to map several lightning flashes in the VLF/LF and show HAMMA sources largely map out the same electrical extent as VHF sources and provide unique insights to the properties of the discharges occurring. Finally, we show that VLF/LF sources can determine the leader polarity in several example flashes but not necessarily whether a flash comes to ground.

The Córdoba Argentina Marx Meter Array (CAMMA), consisting of 10 second-generation Huntsville Alabama Marx Meter Array (HAMMA 2) sensors, operated at Córdoba, Argentina, during the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign in late 2018. Initial results obtained from the campaign demonstrate that the new sensor is able to provide a significantly more detailed depiction of various lightning processes than its first generation. The lightning flashes mapped by the CAMMA and a colocated Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) were compared. The overall flash structures mapped by the CAMMA and the LMA look similar for most of the flashes. However, comparisons at smaller time scale show that the majority of CAMMA and LMA sources are not concurrent, indicating that unmatched sources were possibly due to different physical processes in leader propagation dominating different frequencies and differences in data processing and location techniques.

Cet article expose la manière dont les sciences des réseaux peuvent contribuer à la compréhension du Trouble de Stress Post-Traumatique (TSPT). Nous soulignons l’intérêt de concevoir le cerveau comme un système complexe et dynamique pour affiner la description et la prédiction des réponses cérébrales après exposition à un évènement traumatique. À partir des modèles de résilience au stress et sous le prisme des sciences des réseaux, nous proposons une ligne temporelle du TSPT, partant des facteurs de résilience intrinsèques au réseau, présents avant l’évènement traumatique, jusqu’à la réponse cérébrale ayant lieu après l’évènement traumatique. Dans ce cadre, il est essentiel de considérer la topologie du cerveau et les dynamiques cérébrales dans des processus permettant d’utiliser ces facteurs de résilience. Ainsi, nous proposons un cadre concret, autorisant la formulation d’hypothèses explicites sur des aspects potentiellement critiques de l’organisation et des dynamiques des réseaux cérébraux impliqués dans le TSPT.