Design and manufacturing of composite structures are driving the next generation innovation cycles for the aerospace, automotive and energy markets. Automated fiber placement (AFP) is quickly becoming the preferred manufacturing method of those structures as it offers manufacturing automation, reduces production cycle times, and decreases human induced errors. One of the major steps towards manufacturing structures with AFP technology is the selection of the optimal layup strategy. This is limited by, not only geometrical and process parameters, but certification allowable and guidelines. This paper outlines a systematic review of the multiple layup strategies practices currently used and/or investigated for the AFP manufacturing process. The optimal layup strategy needs to be selected and verified to obtain laminates with little to no manufacturing defects. Through a methodical description, the different layup strategies found in the literature are described as well as their mathematical implementation. Following, a geometrical benchmark is presented so that new layup strategies can be compared to others based on the same reference. The article can be the foundation for any new layup strategy investigation.
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how is the workplace changing with the age-range of its workforce? Why is happiness and wellness in the workplace being prioritised more than ever before? Will the workplace of the future be designed as a serviced experience rather than the office that is known today? This paper aims to examine these questions, and why the answer might be found in the influence of Generation Y and technology organisations. Design/methodology/approach – The approach to this paper is to draw from a number of sources – AECOM’s published paper for the BCO on how the TMT sectors are impacting office design – extensive AECOM project experience and research in practice. The presentation prepared for cutting edge was the starting point for the structure and content of this paper. Findings – The authors are designing for multiple generations at work, not just the youngest people. The authors can learn much, however, from the trends being set by the youngest sectors, such as technology organisations with their Generation X board members driving speed, informality and a work/life blend. The next generation workplace will be designed with more emphasis on diversity, choice, flexibility and sustainability. The office will be as much about the experience and service provision as the physical space supporting people holistically for a happier, healthier and more productive workforce. Research limitations/implications – There are multiple topics addressed in this paper. Research and findings are drawn from other sources. New research is beyond the scope of this paper. Practical implications – Looking ahead, developers and architects will need to reuse empty office space in other ways. The city block of the future must be mixed-use, vertically and horizontally, and incorporate offices, residential, dining, leisure and co-working, with a permeable, linked-up ground floor. City blocks today are sometimes segregated, designed as separate buildings in one, with separate entrances breaking up the ground floor into separate domains. The city block of the future needs to be more joined up, more connected and open at ground floor level to allow a mix of people and functions, creating more public space. Social implications – The opportunity is to create sustainable and highly utilised environments where people can work, live and socialise. Originality/value – Drawing from the AECOM proprietary global occupancy database which contains 25 years of data of how buildings are actually used over time. This paper includes the data for the last ten years. Applying the reality of four generations in the workplace to the design of office buildings.
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