The study examines the effects of recent, older, and chronic strains and of perceived injustice of strain on delinquency, sampling 777 Korean youth. Seven key strains most likely leading to delinquency, some of which were often overlooked in previous research, were included, and these are family conflict, parental punishment, teachers' punishment, financial strain, examination-related strain, being bullied, and criminal victimization. Overall, the findings provide some support for general strain theory's prediction that some recent strains and perceived injustice have significant effects on delinquency. The results show that recent and older teachers' physical and emotional punishment and victimization are positively related to general delinquency. However, chronic parental punishment and chronic bullying are negatively related to general delinquency, inconsistent with Agnew's prediction. The findings also indicate the critical importance of including types of strain that are unique to certain cultures into tests of the theory.
The current research seeks to illuminate whether parenting is the predominant source of the development of self-control, or whether teachers contribute to the development of self-control among Korean youths. The findings indicate that Korean adolescents whose parents monitor and/or teachers discipline them when they engage in deviant behaviors are more likely to report higher levels of self-control. Also, the results indicate that youths with low self-control are more likely to engage in delinquency. These findings provide partial support for the generality and applicability of the theory in explaining deviance among Korean youths. Taking a broad perspective, our findings, however, may raise a serious theoretical question about Gottfredson and Hirschi’s assertion that parental socialization is the only primary source of the development of self-control.
The Alaska Native population, like many other minority populations, is disproportionately represented in the correctional system. Alaska Natives represent between 30% and 40% of the state's inmate population at any given point in time. The disproportionate occurrence of social maladies, including criminal activity, in Native American populations has been partially attributed to cultural conflict that induces anomie, social disorganization, and personal disorganization. This article examines the existence of relationships between where inmates have been raised and the crimes they committed as adults and whether the effects and occurrence of cultural conflict varies according to the rural or urban nature of their upbringing. The results suggest that the effects of cultural conflict are most pronounced in rural Alaskan communities.
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